Plant bioreactors are controlled cultivation systems that maintain plant cells, tissues, organs, or organ-derived cultures while providing defined nutritional and physical conditions. The biological material may be suspended cells, hairy roots, shoots, embryos, or other organized structures producing biomass or specialized metabolites ^[1]. A plant bioreactor supplies liquid medium and regulates temperature, pH, gas exchange, mixing, and renewal of nutrients; illumination is added when photosynthetic or light-responsive material is used. Airlift, bubble-column, temporary-immersion, and mechanically agitated designs create different patterns of circulation and shear, affecting aggregation, differentiation, oxygen availability, and metabolite accumulation ^[2]. Plant cultures can be sensitive to mechanical stress and poor gas transfer, so vessel geometry and contact between tissue and medium must be selected carefully ^[1][3]. Operation may be batch, fed, or semi-continuous, with elicitors, precursors, hormones, or light changes used to redirect secondary metabolism. Evaluation includes growth rate, tissue quality, product concentration, genetic stability, contamination control, and reproducibility of harvested material ^[2][4].