Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is geographic information that individuals voluntarily create, collect, or contribute, often through internet platforms and location-enabled digital technologies ^[1][2]. It enables members of the public, including people without formal training in geography or cartography, to contribute georeferenced observations, descriptions, and mapped features about the Earth’s surface and human activities ^[1][3]. VGI may include mapped roads and buildings, reports of local conditions, geotagged photographs, and observations about environmental or disaster-related events ^[1][3][4]. Unlike geographic datasets produced solely by professional mapping agencies, VGI can be generated and updated by distributed contributors, allowing information to be collected across large areas and, in some cases, close to real time ^[1][2]. However, the quality and representativeness of VGI can vary because contributors differ in their knowledge, methods, activity levels, and geographic coverage ^[2][3][5]. VGI should therefore be evaluated in relation to positional accuracy, completeness, currency, contributor bias, and the intended use of the data ^[2][5]. It is widely used in collaborative mapping, citizen science, environmental monitoring, and disaster response, where volunteered observations can supplement other geographic data sources ^[1][3][4].