Map visualization is the visual representation of geographic information through maps and map-based displays to communicate spatial information and help users recognize geographic patterns, relationships, and variations ^[1][2]. It uses cartographic techniques, including symbolization, colour, visual hierarchy, and spatial arrangement, to represent geographic features and attributes in ways that support interpretation ^[2][3]. Map visualization can take the form of static printed maps, digital maps, interactive web maps, and dynamic displays that incorporate changes over time ^[2][4]. Effective map visualization requires visual variables and symbols to be appropriate for the type of data being represented, the intended message, and the users’ needs ^[3]. It can support activities such as comparing geographic distributions, identifying spatial relationships, interpreting thematic patterns, and communicating the results of spatial analysis ^[1][2].