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Zhong, J. Flame-Retardant. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61112 (accessed on 09 November 2026).
Zhong J. Flame-Retardant. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61112. Accessed November 09, 2026.
Zhong, Jack. "Flame-Retardant" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61112 (accessed November 09, 2026).
Zhong, J. (2026, October 19). Flame-Retardant. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61112
Zhong, Jack. "Flame-Retardant." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 October, 2026.

Flame-Retardant

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Flame-retardant additives and comonomers slow the ignition or the spread of a fire in a polymer. Four general mechanisms are distinguished: gas-phase radical scavenging, condensed-phase char formation, dilution by an inert filler, and physical cooling by an endothermic decomposition [1]. Halogenated compounds act in the gas phase and are efficient at low loading, but their combustion products are corrosive and persistent, which has driven substitution [2]. Phosphorus-based systems favour char and are the main alternative for engineering thermoplastics [3]. Intumescent formulations combine an acid source, a carbon source, and a blowing agent, so the coating expands into a foam that insulates the underlying material [4]. The additive normally degrades the mechanical properties, and the balance between the loading needed for a fire rating and the property loss is the central design problem [5].

char formation intumescent halogen-free gas-phase radical scavenging phosphorus additive limiting oxygen index endothermic decomposition
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References

  1. Yang, S.; Wang, J.; Huo, S.; Cheng, L.; Wang, M. Preparation and flame retardancy of an intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin system constructed by multiple flame-retardant compositions containing phosphorus and nitrogen heterocycle. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2015, 119, 251-259. [CrossRef]
  2. Yu, H.; Xia, Y.; Xu, X.; Zarshad, N.; Wu, M.; Ni, H. Preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon and its flame retardant effect for epoxy resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2020, 137, 49256. [CrossRef]
  3. Inprasit, T.; Niyomdacha, D.; Promchantuek, C.; Thangtong, T.; Vanichvattanadecha, C.; Pisitsak, P. Sustainable Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating with Sericin, Phosphorus, and Silicon for Polyester Fabrics. Polymers 2026, 18, 682. [CrossRef]
  4. Wang, G.; Chen, X.; Liu, P.; Bai, S. Flame‐retardant mechanism of expandable polystyrene foam with a macromolecular nitrogen–phosphorus intumescent flame retardant. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2017, 134, app.44356. [CrossRef]
  5. Zheng, Z.; Liu, Bingnan Wang, Ting Yang, S.; Cui, X.; Wang, H. Preparation of a novel phosphorus‐ and nitrogen‐containing flame retardant and its synergistic effect in the intumescent flame‐retarding polypropylene system. Polymer Composites 2015, 36, 1606-1619. [CrossRef]
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Subjects: Polymer Science
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Jack Zhong
View Times: 5
Entry Collection: Polymer Concepts
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 20 Oct 2026
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