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Zhong, J. Anti-freezing. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61090 (accessed on 12 November 2026).
Zhong J. Anti-freezing. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61090. Accessed November 12, 2026.
Zhong, Jack. "Anti-freezing" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61090 (accessed November 12, 2026).
Zhong, J. (2026, October 19). Anti-freezing. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/61090
Zhong, Jack. "Anti-freezing." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 October, 2026.

Anti-freezing

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Anti-freezing behaviour is the ability of a material or a solution to remain functional below the freezing point of water, and in soft materials it is usually achieved with a cryoprotectant or a mixed solvent. Adding a salt, a polyol, or an organic solvent lowers the freezing point and disrupts the growth of ice crystals [1]. An organohydrogel replaces part of the water with glycerol or ethylene glycol, which lowers the freezing point and keeps the ionic conductivity usable at sub-zero temperatures [2]. This matters for flexible sensors and for batteries that must operate outdoors in winter [3]. A second route is to introduce an antifreeze protein or a zwitterionic group that inhibits ice nucleation rather than depressing the melting point [4]. The added solvent changes the mechanical properties and can evaporate over time, so the stability of the effect over repeated freeze-thaw cycles has to be demonstrated [5].

cryoprotectant organohydrogel freezing point depression ice nucleation antifreeze protein sub-zero conductivity zwitterionic
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References

  1. Sundaram, S.S.; Le, Q.B.; Choudhury, D. Bridging the Gap in Cryopreservation: A Review of Cryoprotectant Innovation and Global Market Trends. Bioengineering 2026, 13, 557. [CrossRef]
  2. Hajalilou, A. Liquid Metal–Polymer Hydrogel Composites for Sustainable Electronics: A Review. Molecules 2025, 30, 905. [CrossRef]
  3. Lee, M.; Choi, Y.; Bae, Y.M.; Nam, S.; Shin, K. Stretchable and Shape-Transformable Organohydrogel with Gallium Mesh Frame. Gels 2024, 10, 769. [CrossRef]
  4. Agrawal, A.; Hussain, C.M. 3D-Printed Hydrogel for Diverse Applications: A Review. Gels 2023, 9, 960. [CrossRef]
  5. Cheepa, F.F.; Liu, H.; Zhao, G. The Natural Cryoprotectant Honey for Fertility Cryopreservation. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 88. [CrossRef]
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Subjects: Engineering, Chemical
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Jack Zhong
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Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 19 Oct 2026
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