Translational control is the regulation of protein production through changes in the rate or selectivity with which messenger RNAs are translated into polypeptides. Regulation frequently acts at the initiation stage by altering the recruitment, activity, or availability of translation factors and ribosomal complexes ^[1]. Nutrient, energy, and growth signals modify translation through signaling pathways such as mTOR, which changes the activity of proteins that control initiation and can bias translation toward particular transcripts ^[2][3]. Messenger-RNA leader sequences organize transcript-specific regulation: secondary structures, upstream open reading frames, and recognition elements affect ribosomal scanning and start-codon selection ^[4]. RNA-binding proteins and associated regulatory components can restrict or permit translation of particular transcripts in specific cellular locations or states ^[5]. Through these mechanisms, translational control alters either overall protein synthesis or the relative contribution of individual messenger RNAs to the cellular protein population ^[1].