Protein biosynthesis is the cellular process through which polypeptides are synthesized by the ribosomal translation of messenger RNA ^[1]. The process is defined by the coordinated action of ribosomes, messenger RNA templates, transfer RNAs, and protein factors that together decode nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences. Initiation establishes a ribosomal complex at the beginning of the coding region, bringing the template and initiator transfer RNA into functional proximity ^[2]. Translation factors coordinate the assembly, rearrangement, and progression of this complex through successive stages ^[3]. In eukaryotic scanning, recognition of a suitable initiation codon triggers factor release and joining of the large ribosomal subunit, establishing the reading frame for subsequent amino acid incorporation ^[4]. Aminoacyl-transfer RNAs deliver successive residues, and the large subunit catalyzes peptide-bond formation between the growing chain and the incoming amino acid. Its RNA-based active site positions the substrates and contributes to the chemistry of the reaction ^[5]. Repeated elongation continues until a termination signal promotes release of the completed chain ^[4].