Cell-free synthesis is the formation of biological molecules through biochemical reactions carried out by cellular components outside intact living cells. The reaction system contains catalytically active machinery supplied as a cell extract or assembled from purified components, together with substrates, cofactors, salts, and an appropriate source of chemical energy ^[1]. In systems that synthesize proteins, a nucleic acid template specifies the product, and ribosomes, transfer RNAs, aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases, and translation factors mediate polypeptide formation ^[2]. Enzymes retained in an extract or supplied separately can also form interconnected pathways that convert substrates into small molecules ^[3]. Reaction activity depends on the availability and regeneration of energy carriers, the biochemical environment, and the accumulation or removal of inhibitory products ^[4]. The composition and organization of these components determine which synthetic reactions the system can sustain ^[1][2].