Social inequality describes the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, social status, power, and life chances among individuals and social groups within a society ^[1][2]. It can occur across multiple dimensions, including income and wealth, education, employment, healthcare, political participation, and access to legal protection and public services ^[1]. Social inequalities are shaped by social institutions, economic arrangements, cultural norms, and power relations that influence how resources and opportunities are distributed and accessed. They may be associated with characteristics such as social class, gender, ethnicity, disability, age, or migration status, particularly when these characteristics intersect and contribute to cumulative disadvantage. Social inequality encompasses differences in outcomes as well as unequal opportunities to achieve valued outcomes, and it may persist across generations through differences in education, wealth accumulation, social networks, and institutional access ^[1][3]. Although not every difference between individuals constitutes inequality in a socially significant sense, persistent disparities that systematically advantage some groups over others are central to sociological and legal analyses of equality, discrimination, and social justice.