Science education is the structured process of teaching and learning scientific knowledge, scientific practices, and scientific ways of reasoning across school and non-school settings [1][2][3][4][5]. It includes not only conceptual understanding in domains such as biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, but also participation in inquiry, modeling, evidence evaluation, explanation, and argumentation [2]. Science education is characterized by the integration of content, practice, and epistemic understanding—how scientific claims are generated, tested, and revised—so learners can interpret scientific information and apply it in personal and societal contexts [2][3][4][5]. In policy and research, the term denotes a distinct educational domain aimed at developing scientific literacy, rather than factual recall alone.