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Educational assessment is the systematic process of collecting, interpreting, and using information about learners’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and performance to judge the extent to which educational goals and standards are being achieved ^[1][2][3][4]. It includes a range of methods and tools—such as tests, assignments, projects, observations, portfolios, and performance tasks—applied in classroom, programme, or system-level contexts to generate evidence about learning and instructional effectiveness ^[1][2]. Educational assessment is characterized by explicit criteria, planned procedures, and documented results that support decisions about grading, feedback, instructional adjustment, certification, and accountability, distinguishing it from informal impressions or unsystematic observation ^[2][3][4]. Within educational practice and research, educational assessment denotes the domain concerned with designing, implementing, and evaluating assessment strategies (including formative, summative, diagnostic, and large-scale assessments) so that the resulting information is valid, reliable, fair, and useful for improving teaching and learning ^[1][2][3][4].