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1 Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva -- 670 2026-07-01 03:48:06 |
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Bernaldo, N.J.L.; Pogenio, F.S.; Anicete, A.T.; Baje, J.G.; Fetalvero, S.K.V.; Tiquez, P.D.T.; Rendon, A.O.; Cabal, A.B.S.; Huang, H.; Wu, P.; et al. Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59829 (accessed on 01 July 2026).
Bernaldo NJL, Pogenio FS, Anicete AT, Baje JG, Fetalvero SKV, Tiquez PDT, et al. Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59829. Accessed July 01, 2026.
Bernaldo, Nicolo John L., Felicity S. Pogenio, Alexa T. Anicete, Justine G. Baje, Sheenah Kate V. Fetalvero, Paul Dexter T. Tiquez, Arnel O. Rendon, Ace Bryan Sotelo Cabal, Huai-Ying Huang, Po-Hua Wu, et al. "Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59829 (accessed July 01, 2026).
Bernaldo, N.J.L., Pogenio, F.S., Anicete, A.T., Baje, J.G., Fetalvero, S.K.V., Tiquez, P.D.T., Rendon, A.O., Cabal, A.B.S., Huang, H., Wu, P., Chuang, K., & Villanueva, B.H.A. (2026, July 01). Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59829
Bernaldo, Nicolo John L., et al. "Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 July, 2026.
Peer Reviewed
Evidence on Vector-Associated Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in the Philippines Food Supply Chain: A One Health Scoping Review
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia6070141

This scoping review evaluates the role of vector-associated dissemination in contaminating the Philippine food supply chain with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella, an emerging infectious disease threat, using a One Health perspective to map the mechanisms through which insects and rodents bridge environmental reservoirs to human food systems. This scoping review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. From 1969 records identified through systematic database searches, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria. These comprised 21 primary Philippine studies, 28 non-Philippine studies (including ASEAN-based historical baseline reports), and 3 policy/gray literature studies, prioritized to reflect tropical ecological and agricultural settings. Results suggest that intensive swine and poultry farming may contribute to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) linked to genes such as blaTEM and qnr. Evidence suggests that Salmonella persists in environmental matrices, such as manure and irrigation water, and that synanthropic vectors, including Rattus rattus and various fly species, potentially serve as biological and mechanical bridges in transmission. Clinical data reveal an alarming trend toward invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) showing reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Despite these findings, major evidence gaps remain, particularly regarding the prevalence of vector-borne Salmonella in pre-harvest produce. Consequently, mitigation requires a One Health framework that integrates non-antibiotic interventions, pest management to disrupt transmission pathways, and rapid diagnostic tools, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), to enhance market surveillance.

antimicrobial resistance multidrug resistance food supply chain One Health Salmonella poultry swine vector transmission
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global public health threat, complicating the treatment of common infections and imposing substantial economic burdens. The widespread misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, animal agriculture, and environmental settings have accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, compromising decades of progress in infectious disease control and food safety [1][2]. The evolution of Salmonella spp. exemplifies this crisis as a primary driver of foodborne illness that is increasingly associated with multidrug resistance (MDR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as the Philippines. The Philippine food supply chain, comprising small-scale farms, informal markets, and densely populated urban–rural interfaces, offers numerous opportunities for the introduction and amplification of pathogens such as Salmonella. Local research has documented extensive contamination in retail products sold in wet markets and slaughterhouses, where a high proportion of isolates exhibit MDR profiles and harbor critical resistance determinants, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) [3][4].
Addressing this escalating prevalence within Philippine food systems requires a One Health framework to map the dynamics within the interconnected human, animal, and environmental sectors. Resistance emerges from the combined effects of selective pressures across animal husbandry, clinical settings, and environmental reservoirs, thereby allowing Salmonella to persist and circulate. Multiple studies have already documented the presence of these pathogens carrying clinically relevant resistance markers in swine and poultry, including bla and qnr genes and pESI plasmids, across slaughterhouses and retail markets [5][6].
Synanthropic vectors, including flies and rodents, may act as biological and mechanical bridges, transporting pathogens from manure and contaminated surfaces to animal feed, carcasses, and food-handling sites [7]. While genomic surveillance of human clinical isolates in the Philippines reveals a high prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance [8][9], the specific contribution of vector-mediated dissemination remains underexplored. By extending pathogen reach beyond direct or animal-environmental contact, these vectors underscore the need to integrate insect and rodent management into food safety and AMR mitigation strategies, setting the stage for a One Health Approach to map the complex ecological carriers of Salmonella dissemination in the Philippine food system.
Considering these interlinked dynamics, this review synthesizes evidence on vector-associated contamination of the Philippine food supply chain by AMR-Salmonella. Specifically, this review aims to address four key research questions: (1) What are the mechanisms and impacts of vector-mediated AMR-Salmonella contamination? (2) What is the prevalence and persistence of Salmonella within animal-environmental reservoirs? (3) Which vector species and food system nodes are most susceptible to Salmonella dissemination? (4) What strategies and policies currently exist to control vector-mediated AMR Salmonella transmission? Overall, this review synthesizes existing evidence and proposes a One Health framework to mitigate vector-mediated transmission of AMR-Salmonella across animal, environmental, and human health systems.

References

  1. Salam, M.A.; Al-Amin, M.Y.; Salam, M.T.; Pawar, J.S.; Akhter, N.; Rabaan, A.A.; Alqumber, M.A.A. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1946.
  2. George, A. Antimicrobial Resistance, Trade, Food Safety and Security. One Health 2018, 5, 6–8.
  3. Nagpala, M.J.M.; Mora, J.F.B.; Pavon, R.D.N.; Rivera, W.L. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Chicken Meat from Wet Markets in Metro Manila, Philippines. Front. Microbiol. 2025, 16, 1496685.
  4. Madayag, M.G.; Pavon, R.D.N.; Mora, J.F.B.; Balaga, K.B. Surveillance of β-Lactamase Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chicken Meat Sold in Wet Markets in Metro Manila, Philippines. BIOTROPIA 2024, 31, 339–348.
  5. Pavon, R.D.N.; Mora, J.F.B.; Nagpala, M.J.M.; Codia, A.; Pantua, H.D.; Rivera, W.L. Microarray-Based Serotyping and Molecular Characterization of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica from Swine Meat Samples in Abattoirs and Wet Markets of Metro Manila, Philippines. Foods 2026, 15, 187.
  6. Calayag, A.M.B.; Paclibare, P.A.P.; Santos, P.D.M.; Bautista, C.A.C.; Rivera, W.L. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica from Swine Slaughtered in Two Different Types of Philippine Abattoir. Food Microbiol. 2017, 65, 51–56.
  7. Sukontason, K.L.; Bunchoo, M.; Khantawa, B.; Piangjai, S.; Rongsriyam, Y.; Sukontason, K. Comparison between Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala as Carriers of Bacteria in Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2007, 38, 38–44.
  8. Azanza, M.P.V. Philippine Foodborne Disease Outbreaks (1995–2004). J. Food Saf. 2006, 26, 92–102.
  9. Azanza, M.P.V.; Membrebe, B.N.Q.; Sanchez, R.G.R.; Estilo, E.E.C.; Dollete, U.G.M.; Feliciano, R.J.; Garcia, N.K.A. Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in the Philippines (2005–2018). Philipp. J. Sci. 2019, 148, 317–336.
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Subjects: Food Science & Technology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Nicolo John L. Bernaldo , Felicity S. Pogenio , Alexa T. Anicete , Justine G. Baje , Sheenah Kate V. Fetalvero , Paul Dexter T. Tiquez , Arnel O. Rendon , Ace Bryan Sotelo Cabal ,
Huai-Ying Huang
, Po-Hua Wu , Kuo-Pin Chuang , Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva
View Times: 9
Online Date: 01 Jul 2026
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