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Figueroa-Mayordomo, M.; Salar-Andreu, C.; Fernández-Garrido, J.; González-Lago, L.; Benitez-Martinez, J. Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59180 (accessed on 29 March 2026).
Figueroa-Mayordomo M, Salar-Andreu C, Fernández-Garrido J, González-Lago L, Benitez-Martinez J. Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59180. Accessed March 29, 2026.
Figueroa-Mayordomo, Maria, Cristina Salar-Andreu, Julio Fernández-Garrido, Luís González-Lago, Josep Benitez-Martinez. "Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59180 (accessed March 29, 2026).
Figueroa-Mayordomo, M., Salar-Andreu, C., Fernández-Garrido, J., González-Lago, L., & Benitez-Martinez, J. (2025, October 22). Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/59180
Figueroa-Mayordomo, Maria, et al. "Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 October, 2025.
Peer Reviewed
Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation in Athletic, Injured and Non-Active Populations: A Systematic Review
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia5040170

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to examine hip rotator range of motion (ROM) and strength values across athletic, injured, and non-active populations, and to determine how these values differ when measured at different hip flexion angles. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across six electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Medline) from inception to June 2025. Eligible studies included observational, cross-sectional, case-control, or randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that quantitatively assessed hip IR/ER ROM and/or strength in defined population groups (athletic, injured, or non-active). Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, extracted data on study design, population characteristics, measurement methods, and outcome variables, and assessed risk of bias using an established tool. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Results: 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 1276 participants across athletic, injured, and non-active populations. Hip rotator ROM was measured in nine studies and strength in three, with varying testing angles (0° and/or 90° hip flexion). Overall, athletes showed greater ROM at 0° compared to injured and non-active groups, but had reduced ROM at 90° relative to non-active participants. Non-active individuals had the lowest ROM at 0°. Strength findings, though limited, indicated higher values at 90° than at 0°. Conclusions: Hip rotator ROM and strength vary across populations and testing angles, with ROM generally lower and strength higher at 90° of hip flexion. Due to methodological inconsistencies, findings should be interpreted as directional evidence, reinforcing the need for standardized assessment protocols in future research.

hip rotation range of motion muscle strength internal rotation external rotation
Assessments of hip joint strength and range of motion (ROM) are commonly employed for clinical evaluation of hip and groin pain [1]. These assessments are utilized not only in athletic populations [1][2], but also in populations with hip pathologies such as hip osteoarthritis (OA) [3][4][5][6]. However, while research has extensively explored hip flexion, extension, and abduction, research specifically focusing on ROM and strength of hip rotator muscles remains limited.
The hip has been implicated as a contributing factor to inguinal pain, yet few publications or prevention programs specifically assess hip rotator function [7]. In patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP), reduced hip abduction and external rotation (ER) strength are frequently observed, and an altered internal to external rotation (IR/ER) strength ratio has been proposed as a contributing factor [8].
In athletic populations, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is recognized as a risk factor for early hip joint degeneration, with the typical injury mechanism involving combined hip flexion, adduction, and IR; movements that place substantial demand on the hip rotators [9][10]. Additionally, neuromuscular imbalances have been suggested as potential risk factors for these injuries [11][12]. Limited hip rotational capacity has also been identified as a contributing factor in the development of both FAI and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries [13]. Despite growing interest, assessment strategies for hip IR and ER ROM and strength remain inconsistent across the literature.
To date, no systematic review has investigated how hip rotator strength and ROM vary across populations or how they are influenced by testing position. Clarifying these patterns is essential to guide screening, rehabilitation, and performance strategies. This systematic review aimed to investigate hip rotator ROM and strength values across different populations, specifically to determine whether (a) these values differ according to participant level of physical activity, and (b) whether they vary when measured using different hip flexion angles.

References

  1. Mosler, A.B.; Crossley, K.M.; Thorborg, K.; Whiteley, R.J.; Weir, A.; Serner, A.; Hölmich, P. Hip strength and range of motion: Normal values from a professional football league. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2016, 20, 339–343.
  2. Dallinga, J.M.; Benjaminse, A.; Lemmink, K.A.P.M. Which screening tools can predict injury to the lower extremities in team sports?: A systematic review. Sports Med. 2012, 42, 791–815.
  3. Kolasinski, S.L.; Neogi, T.; Hochberg, M.C.; Oatis, C.; Guyatt, G.; Block, J.; Callahan, L.; Copenhaver, C.; Dodge, C.; Felson, D.; et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Care Res. 2020, 72, 149–162.
  4. Zacharias, A.; Pizzari, T.; English, D.J.; Kapakoulakis, T.; Green, R.A. Hip abductor muscle volume in hip osteoarthritis and matched controls. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2016, 24, 1727–1735.
  5. Judd, D.L.; Thomas, A.C.; Dayton, M.R.; Stevens-Lapsley, J.E. Strength and functional deficits in individuals with hip osteoarthritis compared to healthy, older adults. Disabil. Rehabil. 2014, 36, 307–312.
  6. Loureiro, A.; Constantinou, M.; Diamond, L.E.; Beck, B.; Barrett, R. Individuals with mild-to-moderate hip osteoarthritis have lower limb muscle strength and volume deficits. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2018, 19, 303.
  7. Tak, I.; Engelaar, L.; Gouttebarge, V.; Barendrecht, M.; Van Den Heuvel, S.; Kerkhoffs, G.; Langhout, R.; Stubbe, J.; Weir, A. Is lower hip range of motion a risk factor for groin pain in athletes? A systematic review with clinical applications. Br. J. Sports Med. 2017, 51, 1611–1621.
  8. Finnoff, J.T.; Hall, M.M.; Kyle, K.; Krause, D.A.; Lai, J.; Smith, J. Hip Strength and Knee Pain in High School Runners: A Prospective Study. Am. Acad. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2011, 3, 792–801.
  9. Murphy, N.J.; Eyles, J.P.; Hunter, D.J. Hip Osteoarthritis: Etiopathogenesis and Implications for Management. Adv. Ther. 2016, 33, 1921–1946.
  10. Más Martínez, J.; Morales-Santías, M.; Bustamante Suarez Suarez de Puga, D.; Sanz-Reig, J. La cirugía artroscópica de cadera en deportistas varones menores de 40 años con choque femoroacetabular: Resultado a corto plazo. Rev. Esp. Cir. Ortop. Traumatol. 2014, 58, 343–350.
  11. Read, P.J.; Oliver, J.L.; De Ste Croix, M.B.A.; Myer, G.D.; Lloyd, R.S. Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 1059–1066.
  12. Maestro, A.; Lago, J.; Revuelta, G.; Del Fueyo, P.; Del Pozo, L.; Ayan, C.; Martin, V. Analysis of hip strength and mobility as injury risk factors in amateur women’s soccer: A pilot study, Analisis de la fuerza y movilidad de la cadera como factores de riesgo de lesión en fútbol femenino amateur: Un estudio piloto. Arch. De Med. Del Deporte 2017, 34, 25–29.
  13. D’Onofrio, R.; Perna, P.; Pompa, D.; Civitillo, C.; Sannicandro, I.; Manzi, V. Asymmetry, lumbo-pelvic hip complex and injury in european soccer players. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2025.
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Subjects: Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Maria Figueroa-Mayordomo , Cristina Salar-Andreu , Julio Fernández-Garrido , Luís González-Lago , Josep Benitez-Martinez
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Online Date: 22 Oct 2025
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