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Guo, L. PNPLA6 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5783 (accessed on 20 July 2024).
Guo L. PNPLA6 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5783. Accessed July 20, 2024.
Guo, Lily. "PNPLA6 Gene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5783 (accessed July 20, 2024).
Guo, L. (2020, December 25). PNPLA6 Gene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5783
Guo, Lily. "PNPLA6 Gene." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
PNPLA6 Gene
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pnpla6

patatin like phospholipase domain containing 6

genes

1. Introduction

The PNPLA6 gene provides instructions for making a protein called neuropathy target esterase (NTE). The NTE protein is involved in the breakdown of certain fats (lipids). Specifically, NTE breaks down a lipid called lysophosphatidylcholine, which is one of several compounds found in the outer membranes surrounding cells. The correct levels of these compounds are critical to the stability of the cell membranes.

The NTE protein is found most abundantly in the nervous system. It plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the membranes surrounding nerve cells (neurons) and of these cells' specialized extensions, called axons, that transmit nerve impulses. NTE may also play a role in the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, a process that requires particular changes in the cell membrane and appears to involve the lipids found there. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and produces several hormones, including those that help direct sexual development and growth.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome

More than a dozen mutations in the PNPLA6 gene have been found to cause Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome, a disorder characterized by coordination and balance problems (ataxia), vision impairment, and delayed puberty. The mutations are thought to impair the function of the NTE protein. Researchers are unsure how such a reduction in function leads to the signs and symptoms of the condition. They speculate that impairment of lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism alters the balance of compounds in the cell membrane. This imbalance may damage axons, leading to the movement and vision problems that characterize Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome. The imbalance is also thought to impair the release of hormones involved in sexual development, accounting for the delayed puberty in affected individuals.

2.2. Gordon Holmes syndrome

At least six mutations in the PNPLA6 gene cause Gordon Holmes syndrome, a rare condition characterized by ataxia and reduced production of hormones that direct sexual development (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism), which leads to delayed or absent puberty or other reproductive problems. As in Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome (described above), the mutations that cause Gordon Holmes syndrome impair the function of the NTE protein, which researchers suspect disrupts the levels of lysophosphatidylcholine in cell membranes. The resulting imbalance of compounds in cell membranes is thought to damage neurons in the brain, causing ataxia, and impair the pituitary gland's release of hormones involved in sexual development, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It is unclear how mutations in the same gene cause different combinations of features.

2.3. Other disorders

Mutations in the PNPLA6 gene cause a continuous spectrum of neurological conditions called PNPLA6-related disorders. Conditions in this group include Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome (described above), Gordon Holmes syndrome (described above), Oliver-McFarlane syndrome, Laurence-Moon syndrome, and spastic paraplegia type 39. PNPLA6-related disorders feature combinations of overlapping signs and symptoms, including ataxia, muscle stiffness (spasticity), abnormally fast (brisk) reflexes, reduced sensation in the extremities (peripheral neuropathy), intellectual disability or other cognitive problems, eye abnormalities, impaired vision, hair abnormalities, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and reduced function of the pituitary gland (hypopituitarism). It is unknown how mutations in a single gene cause such a wide range of disorders.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • BNHS
  • iPLA2delta
  • LNMS
  • NTE
  • NTEMND
  • OMCS
  • patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6
  • SPG39
  • sws

References

  1. Deik A, Johannes B, Rucker JC, Sánchez E, Brodie SE, Deegan E, Landy K,Kajiwara Y, Scelsa S, Saunders-Pullman R, Paisán-Ruiz C. Compound heterozygousPNPLA6 mutations cause Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome with late-onset ataxia. JNeurol. 2014 Dec;261(12):2411-23. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7516-3.
  2. Sogorb MA, Pamies D, Estevan C, Estévez J, Vilanova E. Roles of NTE proteinand encoding gene in development and neurodevelopmental toxicity. Chem BiolInteract. 2016 Nov 25;259(Pt B):352-357. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.030.
  3. Synofzik M, Gonzalez MA, Lourenco CM, Coutelier M, Haack TB, Rebelo A,Hannequin D, Strom TM, Prokisch H, Kernstock C, Durr A, Schöls L, Lima-MartínezMM, Farooq A, Schüle R, Stevanin G, Marques W Jr, Züchner S. PNPLA6 mutationscause Boucher-Neuhauser and Gordon Holmes syndromes as part of a broadneurodegenerative spectrum. Brain. 2014 Jan;137(Pt 1):69-77. doi:10.1093/brain/awt326.
  4. Synofzik M, Hufnagel RB, Züchner S. PNPLA6-Related Disorders. 2014 Oct 9[updated 2015 Jun 11]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): Universityof Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247161/
  5. Tarnutzer AA, Gerth-Kahlert C, Timmann D, Chang DI, Harmuth F, Bauer P,Straumann D, Synofzik M. Boucher-Neuhäuser syndrome: cerebellar degeneration,chorioretinal dystrophy and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: two novel cases and a review of 40 cases from the literature. J Neurol. 2015 Jan;262(1):194-202. doi:10.1007/s00415-014-7555-9.
  6. Topaloglu AK, Lomniczi A, Kretzschmar D, Dissen GA, Kotan LD, McArdle CA, Koc AF, Hamel BC, Guclu M, Papatya ED, Eren E, Mengen E, Gurbuz F, Cook M, CastellanoJM, Kekil MB, Mungan NO, Yuksel B, Ojeda SR. Loss-of-function mutations in PNPLA6encoding neuropathy target esterase underlie pubertal failure and neurologicaldeficits in Gordon Holmes syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014Oct;99(10):E2067-75. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1836.
  7. Vose SC, Fujioka K, Gulevich AG, Lin AY, Holland NT, Casida JE. Cellularfunction of neuropathy target esterase in lysophosphatidylcholine action. ToxicolAppl Pharmacol. 2008 Nov 1;232(3):376-83. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.07.015.
  8. Zaccheo O, Dinsdale D, Meacock PA, Glynn P. Neuropathy target esterase and itsyeast homologue degrade phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine in livingcells. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 4;279(23):24024-33.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Lily Guo
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 25 Dec 2020
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