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Guo, L. PLA2G6 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5771 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Guo L. PLA2G6 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5771. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Guo, Lily. "PLA2G6 Gene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5771 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Guo, L. (2020, December 25). PLA2G6 Gene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5771
Guo, Lily. "PLA2G6 Gene." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
PLA2G6 Gene
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pla2g6

phospholipase A2 group VI

genes

1. Introduction

The PLA2G6 gene provides instructions for making a type of enzyme called an A2 phospholipase. This type of enzyme is involved in breaking down (metabolizing) fats called phospholipids. Phospholipid metabolism is important for many body processes, including helping to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane. Specifically, the A2 phospholipase produced from the PLA2G6 gene, sometimes called PLA2 group VI, helps to regulate the levels of a compound called phosphatidylcholine, which is abundant in the cell membrane.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy

At least 50 mutations in the PLA2G6 gene have been identified in people with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, a progressive neurological disorder that causes intellectual disability and movement problems. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene eliminate or severely impair the function of the PLA2 group VI enzyme. Impairment of PLA2 group VI enzyme function may disrupt cell membrane maintenance and contribute to the development of swellings called spheroid bodies in the axons, which are fibers that extend from nerve cells (neurons) and transmit impulses to muscles and other neurons. Although it is unknown how changes in this enzyme's function lead to the signs and symptoms of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, phospholipid metabolism problems have been seen in both this disorder and a similar disorder called pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. These disorders, as well as the more common Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, also are associated with changes in brain iron metabolism. Researchers are studying the links between phospholipid defects, brain iron, and damage to nerve cells, but have not determined how the iron accumulation that occurs in some individuals with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy may contribute to the features of this disorder.

2.2. Other disorders

PLA2G6 gene mutations can also cause atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy and PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism, which are conditions in which deterioration of neurological function (neurodegeneration) occurs later in life. The term PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is often used to include the entire spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders caused by mutations in PLA2G6.

Atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (atypical NAD) is a disorder with signs and symptoms that are similar to those of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy but that occur later and progress more slowly. Atypical NAD usually appears in early childhood but in some cases is not evident until the teenage years.

PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism is also caused by PLA2G6 gene mutations and involves movement abnormalities that occur in adulthood. Dystonia is involuntary tensing of the muscles, and parkinsonism comprises a group of movement problems including unusually slow movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, tremors, and an inability to hold the body upright and balanced (postural instability).

Both of these later-onset conditions are caused by PLA2G6 gene mutations that are believed to have a less severe effect on PLA2 group VI enzyme function than the mutations that cause infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • CaI-PLA2
  • calcium-independent phospholipase A2
  • cytosolic, calcium-independent phospholipase A2
  • GVI
  • INAD1
  • iPLA2
  • iPLA2beta
  • NBIA2
  • OTTHUMP00000028877
  • PA2G6_HUMAN
  • PARK14
  • patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 9
  • phospholipase A2, group VI
  • phospholipase A2, group VI (cytosolic, calcium-independent)
  • PLA2
  • PNPLA9

References

  1. Engel LA, Jing Z, O'Brien DE, Sun M, Kotzbauer PT. Catalytic function ofPLA2G6 is impaired by mutations associated with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophybut not dystonia-parkinsonism. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 23;5(9):e12897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012897.
  2. Hayflick SJ. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: from genes topathogenesis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Sep;13(3):182-5. Review.
  3. Khateeb S, Flusser H, Ofir R, Shelef I, Narkis G, Vardi G, Shorer Z, Levy R,Galil A, Elbedour K, Birk OS. PLA2G6 mutation underlies infantile neuroaxonaldystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Nov;79(5):942-8.
  4. Kurian MA, Morgan NV, MacPherson L, Foster K, Peake D, Gupta R, Philip SG,Hendriksz C, Morton JE, Kingston HM, Rosser EM, Wassmer E, Gissen P, Maher ER.Phenotypic spectrum of neurodegeneration associated with mutations in the PLA2G6 gene (PLAN). Neurology. 2008 Apr 29;70(18):1623-9. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000310986.48286.8e.
  5. McNeill A, Chinnery PF. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:161-72. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00009-4. Review.
  6. Morgan NV, Westaway SK, Morton JE, Gregory A, Gissen P, Sonek S, Cangul H,Coryell J, Canham N, Nardocci N, Zorzi G, Pasha S, Rodriguez D, Desguerre I,Mubaidin A, Bertini E, Trembath RC, Simonati A, Schanen C, Johnson CA, LevinsonB, Woods CG, Wilmot B, Kramer P, Gitschier J, Maher ER, Hayflick SJ. PLA2G6,encoding a phospholipase A2, is mutated in neurodegenerative disorders with high brain iron. Nat Genet. 2006 Jul;38(7):752-4.Genet. 2006 Aug;38(8):957.
  7. Polster B, Crosier M, Lindsay S, Hayflick S. Expression of PLA2G6 in humanfetal development: Implications for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Brain ResBull. 2010 Nov 20;83(6):374-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.08.011.
  8. Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Rare causes of dystonia parkinsonism. Curr NeurolNeurosci Rep. 2010 Nov;10(6):431-9. doi: 10.1007/s11910-010-0136-0. Review.
  9. Schneider SA, Hardy J, Bhatia KP. Syndromes of neurodegeneration with brainiron accumulation (NBIA): an update on clinical presentations, histological andgenetic underpinnings, and treatment considerations. Mov Disord. 2012Jan;27(1):42-53. doi: 10.1002/mds.23971.
  10. Wu Y, Jiang Y, Gao Z, Wang J, Yuan Y, Xiong H, Chang X, Bao X, Zhang Y, XiaoJ, Wu X. Clinical study and PLA2G6 mutation screening analysis in Chinesepatients with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Eur J Neurol. 2009Feb;16(2):240-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02397.x.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
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Lily Guo
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Update Date: 25 Dec 2020
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