PIK3R1 Gene

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1		Lily Guo	+ 638 word(s)	638	2020-12-15 08:04:48

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pik3r1

phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1

genes

1. Introduction

The PIK3R1 gene provides instructions for making a part (subunit) of an enzyme called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). The primary function of the subunit is to regulate the enzyme's activity. Several slightly different versions of this regulatory subunit are produced from the PIK3R1 gene; the most abundant of these is called p85α.

PI3K is a kinase, which means that it adds a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) to other proteins through a process called phosphorylation. PI3K phosphorylates certain signaling molecules, which triggers a series of additional reactions that transmit chemical signals within cells. PI3K signaling is important for many cell activities, including cell growth and division, movement (migration) of cells, production of new proteins, transport of materials within cells, and cell survival. Studies suggest that PI3K signaling may be involved in the regulation of several hormones, including insulin, which helps control blood sugar levels. PI3K signaling may also play a role in the maturation of fat cells (adipocytes).

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Short stature, hyperextensibility, hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay

At least seven mutations in the PIK3R1 gene have been reported to cause a condition known as short stature, hyperextensibility, hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay (often called SHORT syndrome). This condition is characterized by signs and symptoms affecting many parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, teeth, and joints. The most common mutation, which has been identified in at least 10 affected families, changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the regulatory subunit of PI3K. Specifically, the amino acid arginine is replaced with the amino acid tryptophan at protein position 649 (written as Arg649Trp or R649W). Mutations in the PIK3R1 gene alter the structure of the subunit, which reduces the ability of PI3K to participate in cell signaling. Because the mutations reduce the enzyme's activity, they are described as "loss-of-function" mutations.

Researchers are working to determine how PIK3R1 gene mutations lead to the specific features of SHORT syndrome. PI3K's role in insulin activity may be related to insulin resistance and diabetes, which are problems with blood sugar regulation that are found in some people with SHORT syndrome. Abnormal adipocyte maturation might contribute to a lack of fatty tissue under the skin (lipoatrophy), which is another common feature of the condition. It is unclear how reduced PI3K signaling is associated with the other signs and symptoms of SHORT syndrome.

2.2. Cancers

Some gene mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These changes, which are called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic PIK3R1 gene mutations have been identified in some cancers of the uterine lining (endometrial cancers) and in a form of brain cancer called glioblastoma. Less commonly, somatic mutations in the PIK3R1 gene have been found in cancers of the colon, ovary, and breast.

Cancer-associated changes in the PIK3R1 gene alter the regulatory subunit such that it can no longer control the activity of PI3K, which increases PI3K signaling dramatically. Because the genetic changes enhance the activity of the enzyme, they are classified as "gain-of-function" mutations. Increased PI3K signaling appears to promote the uncontrolled cell growth and division that is characteristic of cancerous tumors. It is unclear why these mutations seem to be more common in some types of cancer than in others.

3. Other Names for This Gene

AGM7
GRB1
p85
p85-ALPHA
P85A_HUMAN
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 85 kDa regulatory subunit alpha
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-associated p-85 alpha
phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit
phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha)
PI3-kinase subunit p85-alpha
PI3K regulatory subunit alpha
ptdIns-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha

References

Chudasama KK, Winnay J, Johansson S, Claudi T, König R, Haldorsen I, JohanssonB, Woo JR, Aarskog D, Sagen JV, Kahn CR, Molven A, Njølstad PR. SHORT syndromewith partial lipodystrophy due to impaired phosphatidylinositol 3 kinasesignaling. Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Jul 11;93(1):150-7. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.023.
Dyment DA, Smith AC, Alcantara D, Schwartzentruber JA, Basel-Vanagaite L,Curry CJ, Temple IK, Reardon W, Mansour S, Haq MR, Gilbert R, Lehmann OJ,Vanstone MR, Beaulieu CL; FORGE Canada Consortium, Majewski J, Bulman DE,O'Driscoll M, Boycott KM, Innes AM. Mutations in PIK3R1 cause SHORT syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Jul 11;93(1):158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.005.
Jaiswal BS, Janakiraman V, Kljavin NM, Chaudhuri S, Stern HM, Wang W, Kan Z,Dbouk HA, Peters BA, Waring P, Dela Vega T, Kenski DM, Bowman KK, Lorenzo M, LiH, Wu J, Modrusan Z, Stinson J, Eby M, Yue P, Kaminker JS, de Sauvage FJ, Backer JM, Seshagiri S. Somatic mutations in p85alpha promote tumorigenesis throughclass IA PI3K activation. Cancer Cell. 2009 Dec 8;16(6):463-74. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.016.
Mellor P, Furber LA, Nyarko JN, Anderson DH. Multiple roles for the p85αisoform in the regulation and function of PI3K signalling and receptortrafficking. Biochem J. 2012 Jan 1;441(1):23-37. doi: 10.1042/BJ20111164. Review.
Philp AJ, Campbell IG, Leet C, Vincan E, Rockman SP, Whitehead RH, Thomas RJ, Phillips WA. The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase p85alpha gene is an oncogene inhuman ovarian and colon tumors. Cancer Res. 2001 Oct 15;61(20):7426-9.
Quayle SN, Lee JY, Cheung LW, Ding L, Wiedemeyer R, Dewan RW, Huang-Hobbs E,Zhuang L, Wilson RK, Ligon KL, Mills GB, Cantley LC, Chin L. Somatic mutations ofPIK3R1 promote gliomagenesis. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49466. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049466.
Schroeder C, Riess A, Bonin M, Bauer P, Riess O, Döbler-Neumann M, Wieser S,Moog U, Tzschach A. PIK3R1 mutations in SHORT syndrome. Clin Genet. 2014Sep;86(3):292-4. doi: 10.1111/cge.12263.
Thauvin-Robinet C, Auclair M, Duplomb L, Caron-Debarle M, Avila M, St-Onge J, Le Merrer M, Le Luyer B, Héron D, Mathieu-Dramard M, Bitoun P, Petit JM, Odent S,Amiel J, Picot D, Carmignac V, Thevenon J, Callier P, Laville M, Reznik Y, FagourC, Nunes ML, Capeau J, Lascols O, Huet F, Faivre L, Vigouroux C, Rivière JB.PIK3R1 mutations cause syndromic insulin resistance with lipoatrophy. Am J HumGenet. 2013 Jul 11;93(1):141-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.019.
Urick ME, Rudd ML, Godwin AK, Sgroi D, Merino M, Bell DW. PIK3R1 (p85α) issomatically mutated at high frequency in primary endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 2011 Jun 15;71(12):4061-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0549.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Lily Guo

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 25 Dec 2020

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