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Chua, F.H.Z.; Ng, L.P.; Low, S.Y.Y. Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57575 (accessed on 05 December 2025).
Chua FHZ, Ng LP, Low SYY. Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57575. Accessed December 05, 2025.
Chua, Felicia H. Z., Lee Ping Ng, Sharon Y. Y. Low. "Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57575 (accessed December 05, 2025).
Chua, F.H.Z., Ng, L.P., & Low, S.Y.Y. (2025, January 06). Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57575
Chua, Felicia H. Z., et al. "Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies." Encyclopedia. Web. 06 January, 2025.
Peer Reviewed
Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia4040127

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage is a serious condition associated with significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Neurosurgical intervention aims to relieve life-threatening raised intracranial pressure and prevent neurological deterioration. In recent years, advancements in disease understanding have paved the way for clinicians to re-evaluate conventional approaches in the management of affected patients. Examples include various neurosurgical techniques to actively reduce blood products with a view to avoid the consequences of complex hydrocephalus and intraparenchymal injury in the developing brain. In this entry paper, we aim to provide an overview of the current perspectives, pathophysiology and management strategies for this difficult condition.

intraventricular hemorrhage of prematurity neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (nIVH) refers to the occurrence of spontaneous bleeding in the lateral and third or fourth ventricles characterized by hyper-attenuating fluid within the ventricles in imaging studies [1][2][3]. This potentially life-threatening condition is mostly associated with preterm infants, with increasing prevalence directly proportional to decreasing gestational age and birth weight. To date, the global incidence of nIVH in preterm infants has varied widely [4][5][6]. A recent systematic review by Siffel et al. summarizes the prevalence of higher grade nIVH to be in the range from 5 to 52% [6][7]. Nonetheless, most agree that the exact rates of this condition in any given population are difficult to determine owing to multiple parameters, such as antenatal factors, the availability of neonatal care, birth weight, gestational age and so forth [8][9]. To a significantly lesser extent, nIVH may occur in full-term neonates, with similar concerns of permanent neurological damage [3][10]. A feared sequelae of nIVH is ventriculomegaly causing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) that results in raised intracranial pressure (ICP). If left untreated, the patient is at a high risk of impaired cognitive and functional neurodevelopment [11]. As a consequence, the pediatric neurosurgeon is often referred to intervene for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion with the aims of, firstly, reducing the raised intracranial pressure, and next, preventing further brain parenchymal injury. This entry paper attempts to discuss the current perspectives, pathophysiology, neurosurgical approaches and management challenges faced in nIVH, in corroboration with the existing literature.

References

  1. Nanba, E.; Eda, I.; Takashima, S.; Ohta, S.; Ohtani, K.; Takeshita, K. Intracranial hemorrhage in the full-term neonate and young infant: Correlation of the location and outcome. Brain Dev. 1984, 6, 435–443.
  2. Trounce, J.Q.; Fagan, D.; Levene, M.I. Intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia: Ultrasound and autopsy correlation. Arch. Dis. Child. 1986, 61, 1203–1207.
  3. Afsharkhas, L.; Khalessi, N.; Karimi Panah, M. Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Term Neonates: Sources, Severity and Outcome. Iran. J. Child Neurol. 2015, 9, 34–39.
  4. Pande, G.S.; Vagha, J.D. A Review of the Occurrence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Newborns and its Future Neurodevelopmental Consequences. Cureus 2023, 15, e48968.
  5. Maduray, T.; Mamdoo, F.; Masekela, R. A retrospective study on the prevalence, severity and outcomes of intraventricular haemorrhage in infants with a low birth weight in a quarternary hospital in a low- to middle-income country. S. Afr. J. Child Health 2019, 13, 56–62.
  6. Siffel, C.; Kistler, K.D.; Sarda, S.P. Global incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage among extremely preterm infants: A systematic literature review. J. Perinat. Med. 2021, 49, 1017–1026.
  7. Lee, J.; Lee, C.Y.M.; Naiduvaje, K.; Wong, Y.; Bhatia, A.; Ereno, I.L.; Ho, S.K.Y.; Yeo, C.L.; Rajadurai, V.S. Trends in neonatal mortality and morbidity in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants over a decade: Singapore national cohort study. Pediatr. Neonatol. 2023, 64, 585–595.
  8. Pettorini, B.; Keh, R.; Elllenbogen, J.; Williams, D.; Zebian, B. Intraventricular haemorrhage in prematurity. Infant 2014, 10, 186–190.
  9. du Plessis, A.J. The role of systemic hemodynamic disturbances in prematurity-related brain injury. J. Child Neurol. 2009, 24, 1127–1140.
  10. Mitchell, W.; O’Tuama, L. Cerebral intraventricular hemorrhages in infants: A widening age spectrum. Pediatrics 1980, 65, 35–39.
  11. Brouwer, A.J.; van Stam, C.; Uniken Venema, M.; Koopman, C.; Groenendaal, F.; de Vries, L.S. Cognitive and Neurological Outcome at the Age of 5–8 Years of Preterm Infants with Post-Hemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation Requiring Neurosurgical Intervention. Neonatology 2011, 101, 210–216.
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Subjects: Pediatrics
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Felicia H. Z. Chua
, Lee Ping Ng , Sharon Y. Y. Low
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Online Date: 06 Jan 2025
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