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Samara, P.; Athanasopoulos, M.; Athanasopoulos, I. Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57513 (accessed on 24 December 2025).
Samara P, Athanasopoulos M, Athanasopoulos I. Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57513. Accessed December 24, 2025.
Samara, Pinelopi, Michail Athanasopoulos, Ioannis Athanasopoulos. "Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57513 (accessed December 24, 2025).
Samara, P., Athanasopoulos, M., & Athanasopoulos, I. (2024, December 19). Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/57513
Samara, Pinelopi, et al. "Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas." Encyclopedia. Web. 19 December, 2024.
Peer Reviewed
Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas
This is a peer-reviewed entry published in Encyclopedia Journal, full entry can be found at 10.3390/encyclopedia4040123

Leukemias and lymphomas, encompassing a spectrum of hematologic malignancies, often exhibit manifestations in various tissues and organs, including the ears, nose, and throat (ENT) region, extending beyond the typical sites of bone marrow and lymph nodes. This entry explores these interactions, considering disease-related symptoms and treatment effects. ENT symptoms, such as otalgia, hearing loss, and nasal obstruction, may arise from direct infiltration or treatment complications, with chemotherapy-induced ototoxicity being particularly characteristic. Furthermore, immunotherapy complications, including cytokine release syndrome and mucosal irritation, can also contribute to ENT symptoms. Additionally, targeted therapy and radiotherapy can lead to mucosal dryness, dysphonia, and radiation-induced otitis media. Patients with hematologic malignancies are especially vulnerable to various ENT infections, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, due to compromised immunity resulting from both the disease and its treatments. Conditions such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis pose significant management challenges. Moreover, patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) face unique ENT considerations, including mucositis, opportunistic infections, and graft-versus-host disease in cases of allogeneic HSCT. These patients require specialized pre-transplant evaluations, meticulous post-transplant surveillance, and tailored assistance to mitigate complications. This entry underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that integrates diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and supportive care to address both disease-related and treatment-induced ENT manifestations. Further research is needed to refine management strategies and improve outcomes in this complex clinical population.

leukemia lymphoma chemotherapy immunotherapy radiotherapy ototoxicity HSCT
Leukemias and lymphomas represent a diverse group of hematologic malignancies with highly variable clinical presentations. Symptoms commonly include fatigue, fever, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, petechiae, bone pain, and lymphadenopathy [1][2]. While traditionally associated with bone marrow and lymph node involvement, these malignancies can also present in extramedullary sites, including the ears, nose, and throat (ENT) region [3]. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, bone marrow or lymph node biopsies, and imaging studies. The clinical management of leukemias and lymphomas is complex due to their heterogeneous characteristics, clinical variability, and evolving treatment approaches [4][5][6]. Treatment strategies depend on the specific type and stage of the disease, as well as molecular and cytogenetic features, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) [7][8][9][10]. The primary goals of treatment are to control disease progression, achieve remission and improve overall survival while minimizing treatment-related toxicity. The ENT region can exhibit a range of symptoms and complications in patients with hematologic malignancies. Direct infiltration by leukemia or lymphoma cells can lead to symptoms such as otalgia, hearing loss, nasal obstruction, and dysphagia [11][12]. Additionally, treatment modalities can introduce challenges, including ototoxicity, mucosal dryness, and radiation-induced otitis media [13][14]. Patients with hematologic malignancies are also more susceptible to ENT infections-including bacterial, viral, and fungal, due to compromised immunity from both the disease and its treatments [15]. These infections, along with common conditions like sinusitis and pharyngitis, pose significant management challenges, necessitating tailored care strategies. Furthermore, patients undergoing HSCT may experience ENT complications such as mucositis and opportunistic infections. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is specific to allogeneic HSCT, where donor immune cells attack the recipient’s tissues, a complication not seen in autologous HSCT [16]. The complexities of pre-transplant evaluation, post-transplant surveillance, and individualized support are crucial for minimizing complications and optimizing outcomes in this patient population. Given these intricacies, a multidisciplinary approach that integrates diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and supportive care is essential for addressing both disease-related and treatment-induced ENT manifestations.
This entry aims to investigate the complex relationship between leukemias, lymphomas, and the ENT system, emphasizing the need for further research into preventive strategies and innovative therapies targeting ENT complications-an area often underrepresented in existing literature. Through comprehensive analysis, the entry seeks to improve understanding and optimize management strategies to enhance care and outcomes for individuals with hematologic malignancies involving the ENT region.

References

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  2. de Leval, L.; Jaffe, E.S. Lymphoma Classification. Cancer J. 2020, 26, 176–185.
  3. Robak, T.; Puła, A.; Braun, M.; Robak, E. Extramedullary and Extranodal Manifestations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-An Update. Ann. Hematol. 2024, 103, 3369–3383.
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  7. Bhansali, R.S.; Pratz, K.W.; Lai, C. Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2023, 16, 29.
  8. Pagliaro, L.; Chen, S.J.; Herranz, D.; Mecucci, C.; Harrison, C.J.; Mullighan, C.G.; Zhang, M.; Chen, Z.; Boissel, N.; Winter, S.S.; et al. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2024, 10, 41.
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  11. Lin, C.T.; Chiang, C.W.; Young, Y.H. Acute Hearing Loss in Patients with Hematological Disorders. Acta Otolaryngol. 2015, 135, 673–680.
  12. Fajardo-Dolci, G.; Magaña, R.C.; Bautista, E.L.; Huerta, D. Sinonasal Lymphoma. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1999, 121, 323–326.
  13. Guthrie, O.W.; Spankovich, C. Emerging and Established Therapies for Chemotherapy-Induced Ototoxicity. J. Cancer Surviv. 2023, 17, 17–26.
  14. Christensen, J.G.; Wessel, I.; Gothelf, A.B.; Homøe, P. Otitis Media with Effusion after Radiotherapy of the Head and Neck: A Systematic Review. Acta Oncol. 2018, 57, 1011–1016.
  15. Logan, C.; Koura, D.; Taplitz, R. Updates in Infection Risk and Management in Acute Leukemia. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2020, 2020, 135–139.
  16. Haverman, T.M.; Raber-Durlacher, J.E.; Rademacher, W.M.; Vokurka, S.; Epstein, J.B.; Huisman, C.; Hazenberg, M.D.; de Soet, J.J.; de Lange, J.; Rozema, F.R. Oral Complications in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients: The Role of Inflammation. Mediat. Inflamm. 2014, 2014, 378281.
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Subjects: Immunology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Pinelopi Samara , Michail Athanasopoulos , Ioannis Athanasopoulos
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Online Date: 19 Dec 2024
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