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Tang, N. Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5704 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Tang N. Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5704. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Tang, Nora. "Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5704 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Tang, N. (2020, December 25). Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5704
Tang, Nora. "Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/smith-kingsmore-syndrome

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by a head that is larger than normal (macrocephaly), intellectual disability, and seizures.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

In some people with this condition, the ability to speak is delayed or never develops. Some children with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome have features of a behavioral condition called attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction. Structural brain abnormalities may also be present in affected individuals. For example, one or both sides of the brain may be enlarged (hemimegalencephaly or megalencephaly) or have too many ridges on the surface (polymicrogyria), or the fluid-filled spaces near the center of the brain (ventricles) may be bigger than normal (ventriculomegaly).

Many people with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome have unusual facial features, such as a triangular face with a pointed chin, a protruding forehead (frontal bossing), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) with outside corners that point downward (downslanting palpebral fissures), a flat nasal bridge, or a long space between the nose and upper lip (long philtrum). However, not everyone with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome has distinctive facial features.

2. Frequency

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome is a rare condition with an unknown prevalence.

3. Causes

Mutations in a gene called MTOR cause Smith-Kingsmore syndrome. The protein produced from this gene, called mTOR, is a key piece of two groups of proteins, known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex2 (mTORC2). These two complexes relay signals inside cells that regulate protein production and control several cellular processes, including growth, division, and survival. This mTOR signaling is especially important for growth and development of the brain, and it plays a role in a process called synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of the connections between nerve cells (synapses) to change and adapt over time in response to experience. Synaptic plasticity is critical for learning and memory.

MTOR gene mutations that cause Smith-Kingsmore syndrome increase the activity of the mTOR protein and, consequently, mTOR signaling. As a result, protein production normally regulated by these complexes is uncontrolled, which impacts cell growth and division and other cellular processes. Too much mTOR signaling in brain cells disrupts brain growth and development and synaptic plasticity, leading to macrocephaly, intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological problems in people with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome. Excessive mTOR signaling in other parts of the body likely underlies the unusual facial features and other less common signs and symptoms of the condition. It is unclear why the brain is particularly affected in people with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome.

3.1. The Gene Associated with Smith-Kingsmore Syndrome

  • MTOR

4. Inheritance

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Most cases result from new (de novo) mutations in the gene that occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) in an affected individual’s parent or in early embryonic development. Rarely, people with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome inherit the altered gene from an unaffected parent who has an MTOR gene mutation only in their sperm or egg cells. This phenomenon is called germline mosaicism.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • macrocephaly, seizures, intellectual disability, umbilical hernia, and facial dysmorphism

  • macrocephaly-intellectual disability-neurodevelopmental disorder-small thorax syndrome

  • MINDS syndrome

  • SKS

References

  1. Gordo G, Tenorio J, Arias P, Santos-Simarro F, García-Miñaur S, Moreno JC,Nevado J, Vallespin E, Rodriguez-Laguna L, de Mena R, Dapia I, Palomares-Bralo M,Del Pozo Á, Ibañez K, Silla JC, Barroso E, Ruiz-Pérez VL, Martinez-Glez V,Lapunzina P. mTOR mutations in Smith-Kingsmore syndrome: Four additional patientsand a review. Clin Genet. 2018 Apr;93(4):762-775. doi: 10.1111/cge.13135.
  2. Hoeffer CA, Klann E. mTOR signaling: at the crossroads of plasticity, memoryand disease. Trends Neurosci. 2010 Feb;33(2):67-75. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.11.003.
  3. Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Amin AG, Cooper JB, Das K, Schmidt MH, Murali R. Discretesignaling mechanisms of mTORC1 and mTORC2: Connected yet apart in cellular andmolecular aspects. Adv Biol Regul. 2017 May;64:39-48. doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2016.12.001.
  4. Mirzaa GM, Campbell CD, Solovieff N, Goold C, Jansen LA, Menon S, Timms AE,Conti V, Biag JD, Adams C, Boyle EA, Collins S, Ishak G, Poliachik S, Girisha KM,Yeung KS, Chung BHY, Rahikkala E, Gunter SA, McDaniel SS, Macmurdo CF, Bernstein JA, Martin B, Leary R, Mahan S, Liu S, Weaver M, Doerschner M, Jhangiani S, MuznyDM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Shendure J, Saneto RP, Novotny EJ, Wilson CJ, Sellers WR, Morrissey M, Hevner RF, Ojemann JG, Guerrini R, Murphy LO,Winckler W, Dobyns WB. Association of MTOR Mutations With Developmental BrainDisorders, Including Megalencephaly, Focal Cortical Dysplasia, and PigmentaryMosaicism. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):836-845. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0363.
  5. Moosa S, Böhrer-Rabel H, Altmüller J, Beleggia F, Nürnberg P, Li Y, Yigit G,Wollnik B. Smith-Kingsmore syndrome: A third family with the MTOR mutationc.5395G>A p.(Glu1799Lys) and evidence for paternal gonadal mosaicism. Am J MedGenet A. 2017 Jan;173(1):264-267. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37999.
  6. Møller RS, Weckhuysen S, Chipaux M, Marsan E, Taly V, Bebin EM, Hiatt SM,Prokop JW, Bowling KM, Mei D, Conti V, de la Grange P, Ferrand-Sorbets S,Dorfmüller G, Lambrecq V, Larsen LH, Leguern E, Guerrini R, Rubboli G, Cooper GM,Baulac S. Germline and somatic mutations in the MTOR gene in focal corticaldysplasia and epilepsy. Neurol Genet. 2016 Oct 31;2(6):e118.Dec.
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Nora Tang
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