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Liu, R. TGM5 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5682 (accessed on 20 July 2024).
Liu R. TGM5 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5682. Accessed July 20, 2024.
Liu, Rui. "TGM5 Gene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5682 (accessed July 20, 2024).
Liu, R. (2020, December 25). TGM5 Gene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5682
Liu, Rui. "TGM5 Gene." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
TGM5 Gene
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tgm5

Transglutaminase 5: The TGM5 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called transglutaminase 5. 

genes

1. Normal Function

The TGM5 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called transglutaminase 5. This enzyme is found in many of the body's tissues, although it seems to play a particularly important role in the outer layer of skin (the epidermis). In the epidermis, transglutaminase 5 is involved in the formation of the cornified cell envelope, which is a structure that surrounds cells and helps the skin form a protective barrier between the body and its environment. Specifically, transglutaminase 5 forms strong bonds, called cross-links, between the structural proteins that make up the cornified cell envelope. This cross-linking provides strength and stability to the epidermis.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Acral peeling skin syndrome

At least 22 mutations in the TGM5 gene have been found to cause acral peeling skin syndrome. This condition is characterized by painless peeling of the top layer of skin that is most apparent on the hands and feet but can also affect the arms and legs. Most of the mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in transglutaminase 5, including the most common mutation in people of European ancestry, which replaces the amino acid glycine with the amino acid cysteine at position 113 (written as Gly113Cys or G113C). TGM5 gene mutations reduce the amount of transglutaminase 5 that is produced or prevent cells from making any of this enzyme. A shortage of transglutaminase 5 impairs protein cross-linking, which weakens the cornified cell envelope and allows the outermost cells of the epidermis to separate easily from the underlying skin and peel off. This peeling is most noticeable on the hands and feet probably because those areas tend to be heavily exposed to moisture and friction.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5
  • protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 isoform 1
  • protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 isoform 2
  • TG(X)
  • TGase X
  • TGase-5
  • TGASE5
  • TGASEX
  • TGM5_HUMAN
  • TGM6
  • TGMX
  • TGX
  • transglutaminase V
  • transglutaminase X
  • transglutaminase-5

References

  1. Candi E, Oddi S, Paradisi A, Terrinoni A, Ranalli M, Teofoli P, Citro G,Scarpato S, Puddu P, Melino G. Expression of transglutaminase 5 in normal andpathologic human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Sep;119(3):670-7.
  2. Candi E, Oddi S, Terrinoni A, Paradisi A, Ranalli M, Finazzi-Agró A, Melino G.Transglutaminase 5 cross-links loricrin, involucrin, and small proline-richproteins in vitro. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 14;276(37):35014-23.
  3. Cassidy AJ, van Steensel MA, Steijlen PM, van Geel M, van der Velden J, MorleySM, Terrinoni A, Melino G, Candi E, McLean WH. A homozygous missense mutation in TGM5 abolishes epidermal transglutaminase 5 activity and causes acral peelingskin syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Dec;77(6):909-17.
  4. Kiritsi D, Cosgarea I, Franzke CW, Schumann H, Oji V, Kohlhase J,Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. Acral peeling skin syndrome with TGM5 gene mutations may resemble epidermolysis bullosa simplex in young individuals. J InvestDermatol. 2010 Jun;130(6):1741-6. doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.23.
  5. Pigors M, Kiritsi D, Cobzaru C, Schwieger-Briel A, Suárez J, Faletra F, Aho H,Mäkelä L, Kern JS, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. TGM5 mutations impact epidermaldifferentiation in acral peeling skin syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2012Oct;132(10):2422-2429. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.166.
  6. Szczecinska W, Nesteruk D, Wertheim-Tysarowska K, Greenblatt DT, Baty D,Browne F, Liu L, Ozoemena L, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, McGrath JA, Mellerio JE,Morton J, Woźniak K, Kowalewski C, Has C, Moss C. Under-recognition of acralpeeling skin syndrome: 59 new cases with 15 novel mutations. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Nov;171(5):1206-10. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12964.
  7. van der Velden JJ, Jonkman MF, McLean WH, Hamm H, Steijlen PM, van SteenselMA, van Geel M. A recurrent mutation in the TGM5 gene in European patients withacral peeling skin syndrome. J Dermatol Sci. 2012 Jan;65(1):74-6. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.10.002.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Rui Liu
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 25 Dec 2020
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