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Yin, N. Familial Hyperaldosteronism. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5646 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Yin N. Familial Hyperaldosteronism. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5646. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Yin, Nicole. "Familial Hyperaldosteronism" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5646 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Yin, N. (2020, December 25). Familial Hyperaldosteronism. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5646
Yin, Nicole. "Familial Hyperaldosteronism." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
Familial Hyperaldosteronism
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-hyperaldosteronism

Familial hyperaldosteronism is a group of inherited conditions in which the adrenal glands, which are small glands located on top of each kidney, produce too much of the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone helps control the amount of salt retained by the kidneys. Excess aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain more salt than normal, which in turn increases the body's fluid levels and blood pressure. People with familial hyperaldosteronism may develop severe high blood pressure (hypertension), often early in life. Without treatment, hypertension increases the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and kidney failure.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Familial hyperaldosteronism is categorized into three types, distinguished by their clinical features and genetic causes. In familial hyperaldosteronism type I, hypertension generally appears in childhood to early adulthood and can range from mild to severe. This type can be treated with steroid medications called glucocorticoids, so it is also known as glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA). In familial hyperaldosteronism type II, hypertension usually appears in early to middle adulthood and does not improve with glucocorticoid treatment. In most individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type III, the adrenal glands are enlarged up to six times their normal size. These affected individuals have severe hypertension that starts in childhood. The hypertension is difficult to treat and often results in damage to organs such as the heart and kidneys. Rarely, individuals with type III have milder symptoms with treatable hypertension and no adrenal gland enlargement.

There are other forms of hyperaldosteronism that are not familial. These conditions are caused by various problems in the adrenal glands or kidneys. In some cases, a cause for the increase in aldosterone levels cannot be found.

2. Frequency

The prevalence of familial hyperaldosteronism is unknown. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II appears to be the most common variety. All types of familial hyperaldosteronism combined account for fewer than 1 out of 10 cases of hyperaldosteronism.

3. Causes

The various types of familial hyperaldosteronism have different genetic causes. Familial hyperaldosteronism type I is caused by the abnormal joining together (fusion) of two similar genes called CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, which are located close together on chromosome 8. These genes provide instructions for making two enzymes that are found in the adrenal glands.

The CYP11B1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called 11-beta-hydroxylase. This enzyme helps produce hormones called cortisol and corticosterone. The CYP11B2 gene provides instructions for making another enzyme called aldosterone synthase, which helps produce aldosterone. When CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 are abnormally fused together, too much aldosterone synthase is produced. This overproduction causes the adrenal glands to make excess aldosterone, which leads to the signs and symptoms of familial hyperaldosteronism type I.

Familial hyperaldosteronism type III is caused by mutations in the KCNJ5 gene. The KCNJ5 gene provides instructions for making a protein that functions as a potassium channel, which means that it transports positively charged atoms (ions) of potassium into and out of cells. In the adrenal glands,the flow of ions through potassium channels produced from the KCNJ5 gene is thought to help regulate the production of aldosterone. Mutations in the KCNJ5 gene likely result in the production of potassium channels that are less selective, allowing other ions (predominantly sodium) to pass as well. The abnormal ion flow results in the activation of biochemical processes (pathways) that lead to increased aldosterone production, causing the hypertension associated with familial hyperaldosteronism type III.

The genetic cause of familial hyperaldosteronism type II is unknown.

3.1. The Genes Associated with Familial Hyperaldosteronism

  • CYP11B1
  • CYP11B2
  • KCNJ5

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • familial primary aldosteronism
  • FH
  • hereditary aldosteronism
  • hyperaldosteronism, familial

References

  1. Funder JW. The genetic basis of primary aldosteronism. Curr Hypertens Rep.2012 Apr;14(2):120-4. doi: 10.1007/s11906-012-0255-x. Review.
  2. Martinez-Aguayo A, Fardella C. Genetics of hypertensive syndrome. Horm Res.2009;71(5):253-9. doi: 10.1159/000208798.
  3. Monticone S, Hattangady NG, Penton D, Isales CM, Edwards MA, Williams TA,Sterner C, Warth R, Mulatero P, Rainey WE. a Novel Y152C KCNJ5 mutationresponsible for familial hyperaldosteronism type III. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2013 Nov;98(11):E1861-5. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2428.
  4. Moraitis AG, Rainey WE, Auchus RJ. Gene mutations that promote adrenalaldosterone production, sodium retention, and hypertension. Appl Clin Genet. 2013Dec 24;7:1-13. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S35571. Review.
  5. Mulatero P, Monticone S, Rainey WE, Veglio F, Williams TA. Role of KCNJ5 infamilial and sporadic primary aldosteronism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013Feb;9(2):104-12. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.230.
  6. Mulatero P, Tizzani D, Viola A, Bertello C, Monticone S, Mengozzi G, SchiavoneD, Williams TA, Einaudi S, La Grotta A, Rabbia F, Veglio F. Prevalence andcharacteristics of familial hyperaldosteronism: the PATOGEN study (PrimaryAldosteronism in TOrino-GENetic forms). Hypertension. 2011 Nov;58(5):797-803.doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.175083.
  7. Quack I, Vonend O, Rump LC. Familial hyperaldosteronism I-III. Horm Metab Res.2010 Jun;42(6):424-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1246187.
  8. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Monogenic mineralocorticoid hypertension. Best PractRes Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;20(3):401-20. Review.
  9. Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism and potassium channel mutations. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013 Jun;20(3):170-9. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32835ef2fd. Review.
  10. Williams SS. Advances in genetic hypertension. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007Apr;19(2):192-8. Review.
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