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Yin, N. Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5644 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Yin N. Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5644. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Yin, Nicole. "Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5644 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Yin, N. (2020, December 25). Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5644
Yin, Nicole. "Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 December, 2020.
Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/familial-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a disorder in which the immune system produces too many activated immune cells (lymphocytes) called T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and macrophages (histiocytes). Excessive amounts of immune system proteins called cytokines are also produced. This overactivation of the immune system causes fever and damages the liver and spleen, resulting in enlargement of these organs.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis also destroys blood-producing cells in the bone marrow, a process called hemophagocytosis. As a result, affected individuals have low numbers of red blood cells (anemia) and a reduction in the number of platelets, which are involved in clotting. A reduction in platelets may cause easy bruising and abnormal bleeding.

The brain may also be affected in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. As a result, affected individuals may experience irritability, delayed closure of the bones of the skull in infants, neck stiffness, abnormal muscle tone, impaired muscle coordination, paralysis, blindness, seizures, and coma. In addition to neurological problems, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can cause abnormalities of the heart, kidneys, and other organs and tissues. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of developing cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemia and lymphoma).

Signs and symptoms of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis usually become apparent during infancy, although occasionally they appear later in life. They usually occur when the immune system launches an exaggerated response to an infection, but may also occur in the absence of infection. Without treatment, most people with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis survive only a few months.

2. Frequency

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis occurs in approximately 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide.

3. Causes

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis may be caused by mutations in any of several genes. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that help destroy or deactivate lymphocytes that are no longer needed. By controlling the number of activated lymphocytes, these genes help regulate immune system function.

Approximately 40 to 60 percent of cases of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis are caused by mutations in the PRF1 or UNC13D genes. Smaller numbers of cases are caused by mutations in other known genes. In some affected individuals, the genetic cause of the disorder is unknown.

The gene mutations that cause familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis impair the body's ability to regulate the immune system. These changes result in the exaggerated immune response characteristic of this condition.

3.1. The Genes Associated with Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

  • PRF1
  • UNC13D

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
  • familial hemophagocytic histiocytosis
  • familial hemophagocytic lymphocytosis
  • familial hemophagocytic reticulosis
  • FEL
  • FHL
  • FHLH
  • hemophagocytic syndrome
  • HPLH
  • primary hemophagocytic hymphohistiocytosis

References

  1. Cetica V, Pende D, Griffiths GM, Aricò M. Molecular basis of familialhemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Haematologica. 2010 Apr;95(4):538-41. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.019562.
  2. Filipovich AH. The expanding spectrum of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec;11(6):512-6. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834c22f5. Review.
  3. Horne A, Ramme KG, Rudd E, Zheng C, Wali Y, al-Lamki Z, Gürgey A, Yalman N,Nordenskjöld M, Henter JI. Characterization of PRF1, STX11 and UNC13Dgenotype-phenotype correlations in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Br J Haematol. 2008 Oct;143(1):75-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07315.x.
  4. Janka GE. Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Annu RevMed. 2012;63:233-46. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-041610-134208. Review.
  5. Marsh RA, Satake N, Biroschak J, Jacobs T, Johnson J, Jordan MB, Bleesing JJ, Filipovich AH, Zhang K. STX11 mutations and clinical phenotypes of familialhemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in North America. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010Jul 15;55(1):134-40. doi: 10.1002/pbc.22499.
  6. Pagel J, Beutel K, Lehmberg K, Koch F, Maul-Pavicic A, Rohlfs AK, Al-Jefri A, Beier R, Bomme Ousager L, Ehlert K, Gross-Wieltsch U, Jorch N, Kremens B, Pekrun A, Sparber-Sauer M, Mejstrikova E, Wawer A, Ehl S, zur Stadt U, Janka G. Distinctmutations in STXBP2 are associated with variable clinical presentations inpatients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 (FHL5). Blood.2012 Jun 21;119(25):6016-24. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-398958.
  7. Santoro A, Cannella S, Trizzino A, Bruno G, De Fusco C, Notarangelo LD, Pende D, Griffiths GM, Aricò M. Mutations affecting mRNA splicing are the most commonmolecular defect in patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosistype 3. Haematologica. 2008 Jul;93(7):1086-90. doi: 10.3324/haematol.12622.
  8. Sieni E, Cetica V, Santoro A, Beutel K, Mastrodicasa E, Meeths M, Ciambotti B,Brugnolo F, zur Stadt U, Pende D, Moretta L, Griffiths GM, Henter JI, Janka G,Aricò M. Genotype-phenotype study of familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosistype 3. J Med Genet. 2011 May;48(5):343-52. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2010.085456.
  9. Trizzino A, zur Stadt U, Ueda I, Risma K, Janka G, Ishii E, Beutel K, SumegiJ, Cannella S, Pende D, Mian A, Henter JI, Griffiths G, Santoro A, Filipovich A, Aricò M; Histiocyte Society HLH Study group. Genotype-phenotype study of familialhaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to perforin mutations. J Med Genet. 2008 Jan;45(1):15-21.
  10. Zhang K, Filipovich AH, Johnson J, Marsh RA, Villanueva J. HemophagocyticLymphohistiocytosis, Familial – RETIRED CHAPTER, FOR HISTORICAL REFERENCE ONLY.2006 Mar 22 [updated 2013 Jan 17]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, WallaceSE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle(WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1444/
  11. Zhang K, Jordan MB, Marsh RA, Johnson JA, Kissell D, Meller J, Villanueva J,Risma KA, Wei Q, Klein PS, Filipovich AH. Hypomorphic mutations in PRF1,MUNC13-4, and STXBP2 are associated with adult-onset familial HLH. Blood. 2011Nov 24;118(22):5794-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-370148.
  12. Zur Stadt U, Beutel K, Kolberg S, Schneppenheim R, Kabisch H, Janka G, HenniesHC. Mutation spectrum in children with primary hemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis: molecular and functional analyses of PRF1, UNC13D, STX11,and RAB27A. Hum Mutat. 2006 Jan;27(1):62-8.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
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Nicole Yin
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