Prolidase Deficiency

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Rita Xu	+ 669 word(s)	669	2020-12-15 07:36:02

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/prolidase-deficiency

Prolidase deficiency is a disorder that causes a wide variety of symptoms. The disorder typically becomes apparent during infancy. Affected individuals may have enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly); in some cases, both the spleen and liver are enlarged (hepatosplenomegaly). Diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration may also occur. People with prolidase deficiency are susceptible to severe infections of the skin or ears, or potentially life-threatening respiratory tract infections. Some individuals with prolidase deficiency have chronic lung disease.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Characteristic facial features in people with prolidase deficiency include prominent eyes that are widely spaced (hypertelorism), a high forehead, a flat bridge of the nose, and a very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia). Affected children may experience delayed development, and about 75 percent of people with prolidase deficiency have intellectual disability that may range from mild to severe.

People with prolidase deficiency often develop skin lesions, especially on their hands, feet, lower legs, and face. The severity of the skin involvement, which usually begins during childhood, may range from a mild rash to severe skin ulcers. Skin ulcers, especially on the legs, may not heal completely, resulting in complications including infection and amputation.

The severity of symptoms in prolidase deficiency varies greatly among affected individuals. Some people with this disorder do not have any symptoms. In these individuals the condition can be detected by laboratory tests such as newborn screening tests or tests offered to relatives of affected individuals.

2. Frequency

Prolidase deficiency is a rare disorder. Approximately 70 individuals with this disorder have been documented in the medical literature, and researchers have estimated that the condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1 million to 1 in 2 million newborns. It is more common in certain areas in northern Israel, both among members of a religious minority called the Druze and in nearby Arab Moslem populations.

3. Causes

Prolidase deficiency is caused by mutations in the PEPD gene. This gene provides instructions for making the enzyme prolidase, also called peptidase D. Prolidase helps divide certain dipeptides, which are molecules composed of two protein building blocks (amino acids). Specifically, prolidase divides dipeptides containing the amino acids proline or hydroxyproline. By freeing these amino acids, prolidase helps make them available for use in producing proteins that the body needs.

Prolidase is also involved in the final step of the breakdown of some proteins obtained through the diet and proteins that are no longer needed in the body. Prolidase is particularly important in the breakdown of collagens, a family of proteins that are rich in proline and hydroxyproline. Collagens are an important part of the extracellular matrix, which is the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell. The extracellular matrix strengthens and supports connective tissues, such as skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Collagen breakdown occurs during the maintenance (remodeling) of the extracellular matrix.

PEPD gene mutations that cause prolidase deficiency result in the loss of prolidase enzyme activity. It is not well understood how the absence of prolidase activity causes the various signs and symptoms of prolidase deficiency. Researchers have suggested that accumulation of dipeptides that have not been broken down may lead to cell death. When cells die, their contents are released into the surrounding tissue, which could cause inflammation and lead to the skin problems seen in prolidase deficiency. Impaired collagen breakdown during remodeling of the extracellular matrix may also contribute to the skin problems. The intellectual disability that occurs in prolidase deficiency might result from problems in processing neuropeptides, which are brain signaling proteins that are rich in proline. It is unclear how absence of prolidase activity results in the other features of prolidase deficiency.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

hyperimidodipeptiduria
imidodipeptidase deficiency
PD
peptidase deficiency

References

Falik-Zaccai TC, Khayat M, Luder A, Frenkel P, Magen D, Brik R,Gershoni-Baruch R, Mandel H. A broad spectrum of developmental delay in a largecohort of prolidase deficiency patients demonstrates marked interfamilial andintrafamilial phenotypic variability. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010Jan 5;153B(1):46-56. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30945.
Forlino A, Lupi A, Vaghi P, Icaro Cornaglia A, Calligaro A, Campari E, CettaG. Mutation analysis of five new patients affected by prolidase deficiency: thelack of enzyme activity causes necrosis-like cell death in cultured fibroblasts. Hum Genet. 2002 Oct;111(4-5):314-22.
Luder AS, Mandel H, Khayat M, Gurevich I, Frankel P, Rivlin J, Falik-ZaccaiTC. Chronic lung disease and cystic fibrosis phenotype in prolidase deficiency: anewly recognized association. J Pediatr. 2007 Jun;150(6):656-8, 658.e1.
Lupi A, De Riso A, Torre SD, Rossi A, Campari E, Vilarinho L, Cetta G, ForlinoA. Characterization of a new PEPD allele causing prolidase deficiency in twounrelated patients: natural-occurrent mutations as a tool to investigatestructure-function relationship. J Hum Genet. 2004;49(9):500-506. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0180-1.
Lupi A, Rossi A, Campari E, Pecora F, Lund AM, Elcioglu NH, Gultepe M, DiRocco M, Cetta G, Forlino A. Molecular characterisation of six patients withprolidase deficiency: identification of the first small duplication in theprolidase gene and of a mutation generating symptomatic and asymptomatic outcomeswithin the same family. J Med Genet. 2006 Dec;43(12):e58.
Lupi A, Tenni R, Rossi A, Cetta G, Forlino A. Human prolidase and prolidasedeficiency: an overview on the characterization of the enzyme involved in prolinerecycling and on the effects of its mutations. Amino Acids. 2008Nov;35(4):739-52. doi: 10.1007/s00726-008-0055-4.
Mitsubuchi H, Nakamura K, Matsumoto S, Endo F. Inborn errors of prolinemetabolism. J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):2016S-2020S.
Wang H, Kurien BT, Lundgren D, Patel NC, Kaufman KM, Miller DL, Porter AC,D'Souza A, Nye L, Tumbush J, Hupertz V, Kerr DS, Kurono S, Matsumoto H, Scofield RH. A nonsense mutation of PEPD in four Amish children with prolidase deficiency.Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Mar 15;140(6):580-5.

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Rita Xu

View Times: 295

Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

The Gene Associated with Prolidase Deficiency

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References