1000/1000
Hot
Most Recent
The Meloidogyne genus is widely recognized for its significant economic and scientific importance within the group of plant-parasitic nematodes. The chemical management of nematodes presents its challenges and heavily depends on employing soil fumigants containing toxic and costly nematicides. However, plant-derived essential oils offer promising alternatives, demonstrating a wide range of biological activities that affect nematodes through a range of mechanisms, including disrupting their nervous systems, inducing detrimental effects on plasma membrane permeability, penetrating the gelatinous matrix of nematode eggs, and disturbing intracellular redox status. Most of the extracted essential oils were predominantly sourced from the Lamiaceae family (32%), followed by Asteraceae (11%), Apiaceae (9%), and Poaceae (8%), and with genera Thymus, Mentha, Ocimum, Artemisia, Cymbopogon being the most common. The nematicidal activity of EOs primarily arises from their chemical groups, such as terpenes, phenylpropanoids, and organosulfur compounds.
Plant Source of the Essential Oil | Active Components | Target Life Stage | Mode of Action | Crop | Experiment | Meloidogyne spp. | Experiment Details | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lamiaceae | ||||||||
Lavandula Intermedia (3 species: Abrialis, Cerioni and Sumiens) |
linalool | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls, eggs | tomato | in vitro, pot, greenhouse, soil | M. incognita | EO: 24.9 μg/mL−1, 1.2 μg/mL−1, 17.4 μg/mL−1. | [27] |
Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Thymus serpyllum, Ocimum basilicum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] | |
Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa | γ-terpinene, o-cymene, carvacrol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs in soil | tomato | in vitro, soil | M. incognita | EO: 1.0 μL mL−1, 12.5 μL mL−1 for 24 h (J2 mortality) 500 and 1000 μg mL−1 for 24, 48 h (egg hatching) |
[29] |
Mentha longifolia | piperitone oxide | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, Egg hatch inhibition | M. graminicola | EO: 15.62 to 1000 ppm for 96 h | [30] | ||
Mentha longifolia | i-menthone | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Mentha spicata L. | carvone, limonene | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, reduction of galls and eggs | Coleus | in vitro, greenhouse | M. javanica | EO: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h |
[32] |
Mentha spicata L. | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 5% (v/v) for 72 h | [33] | |
Mentha spicata | carvone | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Menta piperita | carvone | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Nepeta cateria | J2 | J2 mortality | banana | orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [34] | |
Basilicum L. | sabinene, myrcene, trans-caryophyllene | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 5% (v/v) for 72 h | [33] |
Ocimum sanctum L. | eugenol methyl ether | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1230 mg/L for 24 h | [35] | |
Ocimum basilicum | i-linalool | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Origanum onites | carvacrol | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Origanum onites | carvacrol | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Pogostemon cablin Benth | α-guaiene, patchoulol, α-bulnesene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 immobility | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 250 μg/mL−1, 31.25 μg/mL−1 for 24 h |
[36] | |
Pogostemon cablin | α-guaiene | J2 | J2 mortality, paralysis | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 387.77 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [37] |
Salvia officinalis | thujone | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Thymus citriodorus | geraniol | J2, eggs | Biological cycle arrest, J2 paralysis, J2 mortality | tomato | in vitro, pot | M. incognita | EO: 50 µL kg−1 soil | [38] |
Teucrium polium | limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h | [39] | |
Thymus linearis Benth | thymol, carvacrol | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | Rainy season: 5 μL/mL for 72 h (J2 mortality), 2 μL/mL for 72 h (egg hatching) Winter season: 8 μL/m for 72 h (J2 mortality),2 μL/mL for 72 h (egg hatching) |
[40] | |
Thymus vulgaris L. | thymol, ρ-cymene | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, reduction of galls and eggs | Coleus | in vitro, greenhouse | M. javanica | EO: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h |
[32] |
Zataria multiflora | J2 | J2 mortality | banana | orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [34] |
Plant Source of the Essential Oil | Active Components | Target Life Stage | Mode of Action | Crop | Experiment | Meloidogyne spp. | Experiment Details | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acoraceae | ||||||||
Acorus calamus | β-asarone | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 524.45 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Amaranthaceae | ||||||||
Dysphania ambrosioides | (z)-ascaridole, e-ascaridole, p-cymene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 500 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [41] |
Amaryllidaceae | ||||||||
Allium sativum | diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), methyl allyl trisulfide | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. javanica | EO: 0.025 μg mL−1 for 72 h Hydrolat: 0.125 μg mL−1 for 72 h |
[42] |
Allium sativum | diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS) | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | Tomato | in vitro, greenhouse, pots | M. incognita | EO: 500 μg mL−1 Components: 62 μg mL−1 |
[42] |
Anacardiaceae | ||||||||
Schinus terebinthifolius | terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | lettuce | in vitro, field | M. javanica | [43] | |
Apiaceae | ||||||||
Coriandrum sativum | linalool | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro, lab | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Cuminum cyminum | γ-terpinen-7-al, α-terpinen-7-al, cumin aldehydes | J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, J2 paralysis, egg differentiation, reduction of nematode population in soil | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. javanica | EO: 62.5 μL/L, 2000 μL/L for 48 and 96 h of immersion |
[44] |
Daucus carota | carotol, daucol, daucene | J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 2500 ppm for 96 h | [45] | |
Ferula oopoda | J2 | J2 mortality | Banana | Orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [34] | |
Foeniculum vulgare | anethole | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro, lab | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Ridolfia segetum | (z)-β-ocimene, β-pinene | J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, J2 mobility, and egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro, lab | M. javanica | EO: 16 μL/mL for 72 h | [46] | |
Asteraceae | ||||||||
Artemisia absinthium | borneol acetate, β-terpineol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 937.52 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [37] | |
Artemisia absinthium | - | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] |
Artemisia nilagirica | α-thujone, α-myrcene, linalyl isovalerate, camphor, caryophyllene oxide, eucalyptol | J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls, eggs, and nematodes in soil | Tomato | in vitro, greenhouse | M. incognita | EO: 20 μg/mL for 48 h | [20] |
Achillea santolina | J2 | J2 mortality | Banana | Orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [34] | |
Achillea wilhelmsii | 1,8-cineole, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h | [39] | |
Tanacetum falconeri Hook. f. | cis-dehydromatricaria ester-1 | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1% (w/v) for 24 h | [47] | |
Tanacetum polium | (e)-caryophyllene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h | [39] | |
Brassicaceae | ||||||||
Brassica nigra | allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 47.7 μg mL−1 for 72 h | [21] | |
Burseraceae | ||||||||
Commiphora myrrha | furanoeudesm-1,3-diene, curcerene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1000 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Fabaceae | ||||||||
Piptadenia viridiflora | benzaldehyde | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1000 μg mL−1, Component: 100 and 200 μg mL−1 for 48 h |
[48] | |
Tephrosia toxicaria | β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, a-humulene, bicyclogermacrene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. javanica/M. enterolobii | EO: 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [49] | |
Trifolium incarnatum | (z)-3-hexenyl acetates, (Z)-3-hexane-1-ol, (E) -ocimene, furanoeudesm-1,3-diene | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) for 48 h | [33] |
Hypericaceae | ||||||||
Hypericum perforatum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] | |
Lauraceae | ||||||||
Cinnamomum cassia | (e)-cinnamaldehyde | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis, reduction of galls and eggs | Soybean | in vitro, in greenhouse pots | M. incognita | EO: 62 μg/mL−1 Component: 208 μg/mL−1 for 48 h |
[23] |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | eugenol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 391 mg/L for 24 h | [35] | |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum | (e)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 49 μg/mL−1, Components: 529 and 768 μg/mL−1 for 48 h |
[48] | |
Laurus nobilis L. | linalool, 1, 8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 0.80 μg/mL−1 for 96 h | [45] | |
Myrtaceae | ||||||||
Eucalyptus citriodora | citronellal | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 746.48 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Eucalyptus citriodora | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] | |
Melaleuca alternifolia | β-terpineol, γ-terpinene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 404.13 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Myrtus communis | α-pinene, 1,8-cineol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 932.65 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [37] | |
Syzygium aromaticum | eugenol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [50] | |
Pinaceae | ||||||||
Pinus nigra | a-pinene, c-verbenol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. javanica | EO: 1 μg mL−1 Compounds: 0.5 μg mL−1 |
[51] | |
Piperaceae | ||||||||
Piper nigrum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] | |
Poaceae | ||||||||
Cymbopogon flexuosus | citral | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [50] | |
Cymbopogon martinii | geraniol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [50] | |
Cymbopogon nardus | citronellal, geraniol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 325.41 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng | piperitone | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 524 mg/L for 24 h | [35] | |
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) (extract) |
sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid, 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimeth yl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | EO: 0.95 mg/mL for 72 h | [52] | ||
Rutaceae | ||||||||
Citrus bergamia | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] | |
Citrus reticulata | limonene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | Component: 1500 μg/mL−1 for 96 h | [53] | |
Citrus sinensis | l-limonene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 353.20 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [37] | |
Verbenaceae | ||||||||
Lippia citriodora | citral | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [31] | ||
Zingibiraceae | ||||||||
Hedychium coccineum | e-neradiol, davanone B, spathulenol, eucalyptol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 0.25 μg/mL for 24 h 1 μg/mL for 96 h |
[54] | |
Zingiber officinale | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [28] |