The Meloidogyne genus is widely recognized for its significant economic and scientific importance within the group of plant-parasitic nematodes. The chemical management of nematodes presents its challenges and heavily depends on employing soil fumigants containing toxic and costly nematicides. However, plant-derived essential oils offer promising alternatives, demonstrating a wide range of biological activities that affect nematodes through a range of mechanisms, including disrupting their nervous systems, inducing detrimental effects on plasma membrane permeability, penetrating the gelatinous matrix of nematode eggs, and disturbing intracellular redox status. Most of the extracted essential oils were predominantly sourced from the Lamiaceae family (32%), followed by Asteraceae (11%), Apiaceae (9%), and Poaceae (8%), and with genera Thymus, Mentha, Ocimum, Artemisia, Cymbopogon being the most common. The nematicidal activity of EOs primarily arises from their chemical groups, such as terpenes, phenylpropanoids, and organosulfur compounds.
Plant Source of the Essential Oil | Active Components | Target Life Stage | Mode of Action | Crop | Experiment | Meloidogyne spp. | Experiment Details | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lamiaceae | ||||||||
Lavandula Intermedia (3 species: Abrialis, Cerioni and Sumiens) |
Plant Source of the Essential Oil | Active Components | Target Life Stage | Mode of Action | Crop | Experiment | Meloidogyne spp. | Experiment Details | Author | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
linalool | |||||||||||||||||
J2, eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls, eggs | tomato | in vitro, pot, greenhouse, soil | M. incognita | EO: 24.9 μg/mL | −1 | , 1.2 μg/mL−1, 17.4 μg/mL−1. | [38][27] | |||||||||
Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Thymus serpyllum, Ocimum basilicum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | ||||||||||||||
Acoraceae | |||||||||||||||||
Acorus calamus | β-asarone | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 524.45 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% ( | v | / | v | ) | [ | 39][28] | |||||||||
Amaranthaceae | Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa | γ-terpinene, o-cymene, carvacrol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs in soil | tomato | ||||||||||||
Dysphania ambrosioides | in vitro, soil | (z)-ascaridole, e-ascaridole, p-cymene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | M. incognita | in vitro, potsEO: 1.0 μL mL−1, 12.5 μL mL | M. incognita−1 for 24 h (J2 mortality) 500 and 1000 μg mL−1 for 24, 48 h (egg hatching) |
EO: 500 μg mL−1 for 48 h[40][29] | ||||||||
[ | 52 | ] | [ | 41 | ] | Mentha longifolia | piperitone oxide | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, Egg hatch inhibition | M. graminicola | EO: 15.62 to 1000 ppm for 96 h | [41][30] | |||||
Mentha longifolia | i-menthone | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [42 | |||||||||||
Amaryllidaceae | ] | ||||||||||||||||
Allium sativum | diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), methyl allyl trisulfide | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. javanica | EO: 0.025 μg mL−1 for 72 h Hydrolat: 0.125 μg mL−1 for 72 h | [31] | |||||||||
[ | 53 | ] | [ | 42 | ] | Mentha spicata L. | carvone, limonene | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, reduction of galls and eggs | Coleus | in vitro, greenhouse | ||||||
Allium sativum | diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS) | M. javanica | EO: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and | 5000 ppm ( | v | /v) for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h | [43][32] | ||||||||||
Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | Tomato | in vitro, greenhouse, pots | M. incognita | EO: 500 μg mL | −1 | Components: 62 μg mL−1 |
[53][42] | Mentha spicata L. | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 5% (v/v) for 72 h | [44][33] | |
Anacardiaceae | Mentha spicata | carvone | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [42][31] | ||||||||||
Schinus terebinthifolius | terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, α-terpineol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | lettuce | in vitro, field | M. javanica | [54][43] | Menta piperita | carvone | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. hapla | [42][31] | |||
Apiaceae | Nepeta cateria | J2 | J2 mortality | banana | orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [45][34] | |||||||||
Coriandrum sativum | linalool | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro, lab | M. hapla | [42][31] | Basilicum L. | sabinene, myrcene, trans-caryophyllene | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 5% ( | |||
Cuminum cyminum | v | / | γ-terpinen-7-al, α-terpinen-7-al, cumin aldehydes | v | J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, J2 paralysis, egg differentiation, reduction of nematode population in soil | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. javanica) for 72 h | [44][33] | |||||||
EO: 62.5 μL/L, | 2000 μL/L for 48 and 96 h of immersion | [ | 55 | ] | [ | 44 | ] | Ocimum sanctum L. | eugenol methyl ether | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1230 mg/L for 24 h | |||
Daucus carota | carotol, daucol, daucene | J2, Eggs | [ | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | 46 | in vitro | M. incognita] | EO: 2500 ppm for 96 h[35] | |||||||||
[ | 56 | ] | [ | 45 | ] | Ocimum basilicum | i-linalool | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. hapla | [42][31] | |||||
Origanum onites | |||||||||||||||||
Ferula oopoda | J2 | J2 mortality | Banana | Orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | [45][34] | carvacrol | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [42][31] | ||||
Foeniculum vulgare | anethole | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro, lab | M. hapla | [42][31] | Origanum onites | carvacrol | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | |||||
Ridolfia segetum | [ | 42 | (z)-β-ocimene, β-pinene | ] | [ | 31 | ] | ||||||||||
J2, Eggs | J2 mortality, J2 mobility, and egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro, lab | M. javanica | EO: 16 μL/mL for 72 h | [ | 57 | ][46] | Pogostemon cablin Benth | α-guaiene, patchoulol, α-bulnesene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 immobility | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 250 μg/mL−1, 31.25 μg/mL−1 for 24 h |
[47][36] | ||
Asteraceae | Pogostemon cablin | α-guaiene | J2 | J2 mortality, paralysis | pepper | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 387.77 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [48][37] | ||||||||
Artemisia absinthium | borneol acetate, β-terpineol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 937.52 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [48][37] | Salvia officinalis | thujone | egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | ||||
Artemisia absinthium | - | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | Tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v | [42][31] | |||||||||
) | [ | 39 | ] | [ | 28 | ] | Thymus citriodorus | geraniol | J2, eggs | Biological cycle arrest, J2 paralysis, J2 mortality | tomato | in vitro, pot | M. incognita | EO: 50 µL kg−1 soil | [49 | ||
Artemisia nilagirica | α-thujone, α-myrcene, linalyl isovalerate, camphor, caryophyllene oxide, eucalyptol | J2, Eggs | ] | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls, eggs, and nematodes in soil | [ | 38 | ] | ||||||||||
Tomato | in vitro, greenhouse | M. incognita | EO: 20 μg/mL for 48 h | [ | 18 | ] | [ | 20] | Teucrium polium | limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | |||
Achillea santolina | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm ( | J2 | J2 mortality | v | Banana | /v) for 24 h | Orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L[50][39] | ||||||||
[ | 45 | ] | [ | 34 | ] | Thymus linearis Benth | thymol, carvacrol | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, Egg hatch inhibition | ||||||||
Achillea wilhelmsii | 1,8-cineole, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | in vitro | M. incognita | Rainy season: 5 μL/mL for 72 h (J2 mortality), 2 μL/mL for 72 h (egg hatching) | Winter season: 8 μL/m for 72 h (J2 mortality),2 μL/mL for 72 h (egg hatching) | [51][40] | |||||||||||
J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm ( | v | /v) for 24 h | [50][39] | Thymus vulgaris L. | thymol, ρ-cymene | J2, eggs | J2 mortality, reduction of galls and eggs | Coleus | in vitro, greenhouse | M. javanica | EO: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm (v/v) for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h |
||
Tanacetum falconeri Hook. f. | [ | 43 | ] | [ | 32 | ] | |||||||||||
cis-dehydromatricaria ester-1 | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1% ( | w/v) for 24 h | [58][47] | Zataria multiflora | J2 | J2 mortality | banana | orchard | M. incognita | EO: 1.2 mL/L | |||
Tanacetum polium | (e)-caryophyllene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 4000 and 8000 ppm (v/ | [45][34] | ||||||||||
v | |||||||||||||||||
) for 24 h | |||||||||||||||||
[ | |||||||||||||||||
50 | |||||||||||||||||
] | |||||||||||||||||
[ | |||||||||||||||||
39 | |||||||||||||||||
] | |||||||||||||||||
Brassicaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Brassica nigra | |||||||||||||||||
allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) | |||||||||||||||||
J2 | |||||||||||||||||
J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | |||||||||||||||||
in vitro | |||||||||||||||||
M. incognita | EO: 47.7 μg mL | −1 | for 72 h | [ | 17 | ] | [ | 21] | |||||||||
Burseraceae | |||||||||||||||||
Commiphora myrrha | furanoeudesm-1,3-diene, curcerene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1000 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Fabaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Piptadenia viridiflora | benzaldehyde | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 1000 μg mL−1, Component: 100 and 200 μg mL−1 for 48 h |
[59][48] | ||||||||||
Tephrosia toxicaria | β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, a-humulene, bicyclogermacrene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. javanica/M. enterolobii | EO: 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [60][49] | ||||||||||
Trifolium incarnatum | (z)-3-hexenyl acetates, (Z)-3-hexane-1-ol, (E) -ocimene, furanoeudesm-1,3-diene | J2 | J2 mortality, reduction of galls | chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) | in vitro, greenhouse, plastic house | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) for 48 h | [44][33] | |||||||||
Hypericaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Hypericum perforatum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [39][28] | ||||||||||
Lauraceae | |||||||||||||||||
Cinnamomum cassia | (e)-cinnamaldehyde | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis, reduction of galls and eggs | Soybean | in vitro, in greenhouse pots | M. incognita | EO: 62 μg/mL−1 Component: 208 μg/mL−1 for 48 h |
[34][23] | |||||||||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | eugenol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 391 mg/L for 24 h | [46][35] | ||||||||||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum | (e)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition, reduction of galls and eggs | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 49 μg/mL−1, Components: 529 and 768 μg/mL−1 for 48 h |
[59][48] | ||||||||||
Laurus nobilis L. | linalool, 1, 8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 0.80 μg/mL−1 for 96 h | [56][45] | ||||||||||
Myrtaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Eucalyptus citriodora | citronellal | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 746.48 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Eucalyptus citriodora | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [39][28] | ||||||||||
Melaleuca alternifolia | β-terpineol, γ-terpinene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 404.13 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Myrtus communis | α-pinene, 1,8-cineol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 932.65 μg mL−1 for 48 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Syzygium aromaticum | eugenol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [61][50] | ||||||||||
Pinaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Pinus nigra | a-pinene, c-verbenol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. javanica | EO: 1 μg mL−1 Compounds: 0.5 μg mL−1 |
[62][51] | ||||||||||
Piperaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Piper nigrum | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [39][28] | ||||||||||
Poaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Cymbopogon flexuosus | citral | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [61][50] | ||||||||||
Cymbopogon martinii | geraniol | J2 | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | Component: 500 ppm for 48 h | [61][50] | ||||||||||
Cymbopogon nardus | citronellal, geraniol | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 325.41 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng | piperitone | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 524 mg/L for 24 h | [46][35] | ||||||||||
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) (extract) |
sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid, 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimeth yl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol | J2 mortality | in vitro | M. graminicola | EO: 0.95 mg/mL for 72 h | [63][52] | |||||||||||
Rutaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Citrus bergamia | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [39][28] | ||||||||||
Citrus reticulata | limonene | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | Component: 1500 μg/mL−1 for 96 h | [16][53] | ||||||||||
Citrus sinensis | l-limonene | J2 | J2 mortality, J2 paralysis | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 353.20 μg mL−1 for 24 h | [48][37] | ||||||||||
Verbenaceae | |||||||||||||||||
Lippia citriodora | citral | Egg | Egg hatch inhibition | in vitro | M. hapla | [42][31] | |||||||||||
Zingibiraceae | |||||||||||||||||
Hedychium coccineum | e-neradiol, davanone B, spathulenol, eucalyptol | Eggs, J2 | J2 mortality, egg-hatching inhibition | in vitro | M. incognita | EO: 0.25 μg/mL for 24 h 1 μg/mL for 96 h |
[64][54] | ||||||||||
Zingiber officinale | Galls, eggs | Reduction of galls and eggs | tomato | in vitro, pots | M. incognita | EO: 3% and 5% (v/v) | [39][28] |