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Xu, R. Pfeiffer Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5318 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Xu R. Pfeiffer Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5318. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Xu, Rita. "Pfeiffer Syndrome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5318 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Xu, R. (2020, December 24). Pfeiffer Syndrome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5318
Xu, Rita. "Pfeiffer Syndrome." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
Pfeiffer Syndrome
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/pfeiffer-syndrome

Pfeiffer syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis). This early fusion prevents the skull from growing normally and affects the shape of the head and face. Pfeiffer syndrome also affects bones in the hands and feet.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Many of the characteristic facial features of Pfeiffer syndrome result from premature fusion of the skull bones. Abnormal growth of these bones leads to bulging and wide-set eyes, a high forehead, an underdeveloped upper jaw, and a beaked nose. More than half of all children with Pfeiffer syndrome have hearing loss; dental problems are also common.

In people with Pfeiffer syndrome, the thumbs and first (big) toes are wide and bend away from the other digits. Unusually short fingers and toes (brachydactyly) are also common, and there may be some webbing or fusion between the digits (syndactyly).

Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three subtypes. Type 1, also known as classic Pfeiffer syndrome, has symptoms as described above. Most individuals with type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome have normal intelligence and a normal life span. Types 2 and 3 are more severe forms of Pfeiffer syndrome that often involve problems with the nervous system. The premature fusion of skull bones can limit brain growth, leading to delayed development and other neurological problems. In addition, individuals with type 2 or 3 can have fusion of the bones (ankylosis) in the elbow or other joints, limiting mobility, and abnormalities of the face and airways, which can cause life-threatening breathing problems. Type 2 is distinguished from type 3 by the presence of a cloverleaf-shaped head, which is caused by more extensive fusion of bones in the skull.

2. Frequency

Pfeiffer syndrome affects about 1 in 100,000 individuals.

3. Causes

Pfeiffer syndrome is most commonly caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Mutations in the FGFR1 gene cause a small percentage of cases of type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome. Mutations in this gene have not been associated with type 2 or 3.

The FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes provide instructions for making proteins known as fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2, respectively. Among their multiple functions, these proteins signal immature cells to become bone cells during embryonic development. A mutation in either the FGFR1 or FGFR2 gene alters the function of the respective protein, causing prolonged signaling, which can promote the premature fusion of skull bones and affect the development of bones in the hands and feet.

The Genes Associated with Pfeiffer Syndrome

  • FGFR1
  • FGFR2

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • acrocephalosyndactyly, type V
  • ACS V
  • ACS5
  • craniofacial-skeletal-dermatologic dysplasia
  • Noack syndrome

References

  1. Chen L, Deng CX. Roles of FGF signaling in skeletal development and humangenetic diseases. Front Biosci. 2005 May 1;10:1961-76. Review.
  2. Chokdeemboon C, Mahatumarat C, Rojvachiranonda N, Tongkobpetch S,Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. FGFR1 and FGFR2 mutations in Pfeiffer syndrome. J Craniofac Surg. 2013 Jan;24(1):150-2. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3182646454.
  3. Cornejo-Roldan LR, Roessler E, Muenke M. Analysis of the mutational spectrumof the FGFR2 gene in Pfeiffer syndrome. Hum Genet. 1999 May;104(5):425-31.
  4. Greig AV, Wagner J, Warren SM, Grayson B, McCarthy JG. Pfeiffer syndrome:analysis of a clinical series and development of a classification system. JCraniofac Surg. 2013 Jan;24(1):204-15. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31826704be.
  5. Harb E, Kran B. Pfeiffer syndrome: systemic and ocular implications.Optometry. 2005 Jul;76(7):352-62. Review.
  6. Vogels A, Fryns JP. Pfeiffer syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 1;1:19.Review.
  7. Wilkie AO, Patey SJ, Kan SH, van den Ouweland AM, Hamel BC. FGFs, theirreceptors, and human limb malformations: clinical and molecular correlations. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Oct 15;112(3):266-78. Review.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Rita Xu
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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