X-linked Hyper IgM Syndrome

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Bruce Ren	+ 661 word(s)	661	2020-12-15 07:41:51

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/x-linked-hyper-igm-syndrome

X-linked hyper IgM syndrome is a condition that affects the immune system and occurs almost exclusively in males.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People with this disorder have abnormal levels of proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulins. Antibodies help protect the body against infection by attaching to specific foreign particles and germs, marking them for destruction. There are several classes of antibodies, and each one has a different function in the immune system. Although the name of this condition implies that affected individuals always have high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), some people have normal levels of this antibody. People with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome have low levels of three other classes of antibodies: immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin E (IgE). The lack of certain antibody classes makes it difficult for people with this disorder to fight off infections.

Individuals with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome begin to develop frequent infections in infancy and early childhood. Common infections include pneumonia, sinus infections (sinusitis), and ear infections (otitis). Infections often cause these children to have chronic diarrhea and they fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). Some people with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome have low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils (neutropenia). Affected individuals may develop autoimmune disorders, neurologic complications from brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) infections, liver disease, and gastrointestinal tumors. They also have an increased risk of lymphoma, which is a cancer of immune system cells.

The severity of X-linked hyper IgM syndrome varies among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. Without treatment, this condition can result in death during childhood or adolescence.

2. Frequency

X-linked hyper IgM syndrome is estimated to occur in 2 per million newborn boys.

3. Causes

Mutations in the CD40LG gene cause X-linked hyper IgM syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called CD40 ligand, which is found on the surface of immune system cells known as T cells. CD40 ligand attaches like a key in a lock to its receptor protein, which is located on the surface of immune system cells called B cells. B cells are involved in the production of antibodies, and initially they are able to make only IgM antibodies. When CD40 ligand and its receptor protein are connected, they trigger a series of chemical signals that instruct the B cell to start making IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies.

CD40 ligand is also necessary for T cells to interact with other cells of the immune system, and it plays a key role in T cell differentiation (the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions).

Mutations in the CD40LG gene lead to the production of an abnormal CD40 ligand or prevent production of this protein. If CD40 ligand does not attach to its receptor on B cells, these cells cannot produce IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. Mutations in the CD40LG gene also impair the T cell's ability to differentiate and interact with other immune system cells. People with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome are more susceptible to infections because they do not have a properly functioning immune system.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The gene associated with this condition is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of this gene, males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

5. Other Names for This Condition

HIGM1
Hyper-IgM syndrome 1
Immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, type 1

References

Bhushan A, Covey LR. CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linkedhyper-IgM syndromes. Immunol Res. 2001;24(3):311-24. Review.
Dunn CP, de la Morena MT. X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome. 2007 May 31 [updated2020 Feb 20]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University ofWashington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1402/
Durandy A. Hyper-IgM syndromes: a model for studying the regulation of classswitch recombination and somatic hypermutation generation. Biochem Soc Trans.2002 Aug;30(4):815-8. Review.
Gilmour KC, Walshe D, Heath S, Monaghan G, Loughlin S, Lester T, Norbury G,Cale CM. Immunological and genetic analysis of 65 patients with a clinicalsuspicion of X linked hyper-IgM. Mol Pathol. 2003 Oct;56(5):256-62.
Jain A, Atkinson TP, Lipsky PE, Slater JE, Nelson DL, Strober W. Defects ofT-cell effector function and post-thymic maturation in X-linked hyper-IgMsyndrome. J Clin Invest. 1999 Apr;103(8):1151-8.
Levy J, Espanol-Boren T, Thomas C, Fischer A, Tovo P, Bordigoni P, Resnick I, Fasth A, Baer M, Gomez L, Sanders EA, Tabone MD, Plantaz D, Etzioni A, Monafo V, Abinun M, Hammarstrom L, Abrahamsen T, Jones A, Finn A, Klemola T, DeVries E,Sanal O, Peitsch MC, Notarangelo LD. Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgMsyndrome. J Pediatr. 1997 Jul;131(1 Pt 1):47-54.
Thusberg J, Vihinen M. The structural basis of hyper IgM deficiency - CD40Lmutations. Protein Eng Des Sel. 2007 Mar;20(3):133-41.
Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Ochs H, Fuleihan R, Scholl PR, Geha R, Stiehm ER,Conley ME. The X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome: clinical and immunologic features of 79 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Nov;82(6):373-84.

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Bruce Ren

View Times: 584

Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1 The gene associated with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References