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Ren, B. X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5198 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Ren B. X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5198. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Ren, Bruce. "X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5198 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Ren, B. (2020, December 24). X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5198
Ren, Bruce. "X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/x-linked-dilated-cardiomyopathy

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy is a form of heart disease.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy is a form of heart disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy enlarges and weakens the heart (cardiac) muscle, preventing the heart from pumping blood efficiently. Signs and symptoms of this condition can include an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), shortness of breath, extreme tiredness (fatigue), and swelling of the legs and feet. In males with X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy, heart problems usually develop early in life and worsen quickly, leading to heart failure in adolescence or early adulthood. In affected females, the condition appears later in life and worsens more slowly.

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy is part of a spectrum of related conditions caused by mutations in the DMD gene. The other conditions in the spectrum, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, are characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) in addition to heart disease. People with X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy typically do not have any skeletal muscle weakness or wasting, although they may have subtle changes in their skeletal muscle cells that are detectable through laboratory testing. Based on these skeletal muscle changes, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy is sometimes classified as subclinical Becker muscular dystrophy.

2. Frequency

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy appears to be an uncommon condition, although its prevalence is unknown.

3. Causes

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy results from mutations in the DMD gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called dystrophin, which helps stabilize and protect muscle fibers and may play a role in chemical signaling within cells. The mutations responsible for X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy preferentially affect the activity of dystrophin in cardiac muscle cells. As a result of these mutations, affected individuals typically have little or no functional dystrophin in the heart. Without enough of this protein, cardiac muscle cells become damaged as the heart muscle repeatedly contracts and relaxes. The damaged muscle cells weaken and die over time, leading to the heart problems characteristic of X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy.

The mutations that cause X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy often lead to reduced amounts of dystrophin in skeletal muscle cells. However, enough of this protein is present to prevent weakness and wasting of the skeletal muscles.

Because X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy results from a shortage of dystrophin, it is classified as a dystrophinopathy.

3.1 The gene associated with X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy

  • DMD

4. Inheritance

As its name suggests, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy has an X-linked pattern of inheritance. The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell usually leads to relatively mild heart disease that appears later in life. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes more severe signs and symptoms that occur earlier in life. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • CMD3B
  • dilated cardiomyopathy 3B
  • DMD-associated dilated cardiomyopathy
  • DMD-related dilated cardiomyopathy
  • XLCM
  • XLDC

References

  1. Beggs AH. Dystrophinopathy, the expanding phenotype. Dystrophin abnormalities in X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1997 May 20;95(10):2344-7.Review.
  2. Berko BA, Swift M. X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1987 May7;316(19):1186-91.
  3. Cohen N, Muntoni F. Multiple pathogenetic mechanisms in X linked dilatedcardiomyopathy. Heart. 2004 Aug;90(8):835-41. Review.
  4. Darras BT, Urion DK, Ghosh PS. Dystrophinopathies. 2000 Sep 5 [updated 2018Apr 26]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K,Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University ofWashington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1119/
  5. Ferlini A, Sewry C, Melis MA, Mateddu A, Muntoni F. X-linked dilatedcardiomyopathy and the dystrophin gene. Neuromuscul Disord. 1999 Jul;9(5):339-46.Review.
  6. Muntoni F, Torelli S, Ferlini A. Dystrophin and mutations: one gene, severalproteins, multiple phenotypes. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Dec;2(12):731-40. Review.
  7. Nakamura A. X-Linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Cardiospecific Phenotype ofDystrophinopathy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2015 Jun 9;8(2):303-20. doi:10.3390/ph8020303. Review.
  8. Neri M, Valli E, Alfano G, Bovolenta M, Spitali P, Rapezzi C, Muntoni F, BanfiS, Perini G, Gualandi F, Ferlini A. The absence of dystrophin brain isoformexpression in healthy human heart ventricles explains the pathogenesis of 5'X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Med Genet. 2012 Mar 28;13:20. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-13-20.
  9. Posafalvi A, Herkert JC, Sinke RJ, van den Berg MP, Mogensen J, Jongbloed JD, van Tintelen JP. Clinical utility gene card for: dilated cardiomyopathy (CMD).Eur J Hum Genet. 2013 Oct;21(10). doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.276.
  10. Towbin JA, Hejtmancik JF, Brink P, Gelb B, Zhu XM, Chamberlain JS, McCabe ER, Swift M. X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Molecular genetic evidence of linkageto the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (dystrophin) gene at the Xp21 locus.Circulation. 1993 Jun;87(6):1854-65.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
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Bruce Ren
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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