Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Sandile Phinda Songca
 -- 1445 2023-09-22 07:44:17 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 1445 2023-09-22 08:25:05 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Songca, S.P. Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49506 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Songca SP. Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49506. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Songca, Sandile Phinda. "Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49506 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Songca, S.P. (2023, September 22). Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49506
Songca, Sandile Phinda. "Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 September, 2023.
Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms241310875

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the initial absorption of light by the photosensitizer (PS) and the subsequent direct and oxygen-mediated reactions with the cell membrane and cytoplasmic cell components.

photodynamic therapy sonodynamic therapy photothermal hyperthermia magnetic hyperthermia anticancer

1. Introduction

Several compounds known as photosensitizers absorb light energy and transfer it to oxygen in the triplet ground state to produce reactive oxygen in the singlet excited state. Following this, a series of other reactive oxygen species are produced in biological media. Upon excitation with light energy, most of these compounds can also react directly with the biological cell membrane and cytoplasmic components, including monosaccharides, nucleic and amino acid components of DNA, RNA, glycan, and protein molecules. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the initial absorption of light by the photosensitizer (PS) and the subsequent direct and oxygen-mediated reactions with the cell membrane and cytoplasmic cell components. These reactions initiate cell death by apoptosis or their cell destruction by necrosis. Thus, PDT requires the accumulation of the PS through targeted delivery to the disease site and cells, which either does not occur in normal healthy cells or does so to a relatively lower degree compared to the disease site and cells.

2. Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy

When applied to cancer, PDT can act through a combination of cancer cell death and inhibiting the growth of tumors due to cancer cell growth inhibition. It relies on the preferential accumulation of the PS in cancer tissue, where it photosensitizes the generation of reactive oxygen species which kill cancer cells in the microenvironment of the disease. The origin of the clinical approach is attributed to the direct administration and some level of preferential accumulation of hematoporphyrin and hematoporphyrin derivative following systemic circulation [1]. Current focus is now paid to targeted nanomaterial-mediated PS administration. However, some researchers still administer the free PSs directly without nanomaterials. The integration of coumarin into amphoteric nanocapsules is an example of the administration of the PS encapsulated in organic nanomaterials with the aim of optimal systemic navigation due to the amphiphilicity of the nanomaterial and disease accumulation due to hydrophobicity of the PS [2].
Comparison of the in vitro efficacy of novel zinc (II) phthalocyanine-quinoline conjugate with Photofrin, on the other hand, illustrates the direct approach without incorporating the PS in any form of nanomaterial [3]. In this study, the zinc (II) phthalocyanine-quinoline conjugate and the Photofrin were administered to the cell lines as solutions in N, N-dimethylacetamide containing 3.8% polyoxyethylene-35-castor oil, and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. The advantages of using nanoparticles as carrier and delivery agents for the PS, compared to using the free PSs, which include the improvement of solubility, biodistribution, uptake, retention, targeted cancer cell delivery, the reduction of self-degradation, and applications in combination therapies involving PDT, have been elucidated with numerous examples of metal nanoparticles encapsulated in various shells containing the PS [4]. In this regard, silver and gold nanoparticles are among the most widely studied [5]. While metal oxide nanoparticles are widely studied as carriers and delivery nanosystems of the organic dye type of PSs for targeted anticancer PDT [6], iron oxide nanoparticles have been highly prized for magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic tumor targeting and magnetic resonance imaging-assisted anticancer PDT [7][8][9][10]
Cancer cell-targeted, controlled, and stimulus-responsive release of the PS is seen as the ultimate gold prize of nanomaterial-mediated PDT, through which deep metastatic cancer cells can be isolated for destruction before they form tumors [11][12]. Much research has therefore focused on metastatic cancer cell targeting for PDT. Photoimmunotherapy, for example, is a technology that combines PDT and immunotherapy, in which the PS is conjugated to a monoclonal antibody or biologically recognizable fragment thereof to target antigens actively and specifically for high-precision targeted drug delivery and induction of anticancer immune response [13]. Additionally, a peptide that is easily cleaved by the cysteine protease Cathepsin B was used as a linker for anchoring the PS Verteporfin onto the surface of gold nanoparticles so that upon cancer cell internalization of the nanoconjugate the PS is released after cleavage of the peptide linker [14].

3. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

From its origins as an anticancer therapeutic technology, PDT has evolved. It is now widely used against a variety of ailments, the top among which is antimicrobial PDT as applied against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, as well as applications in the sanitization of the environment and pest control [15]. Antimicrobial PDT against many viral infections, such as the recent COVID-19 viral pandemic [16], bacterial [17] and fungal [18] infections, and environmental sanitation [19], have been widely investigated. Examples of applications of antibacterial PDT include periodontal disease [20][21], superficial wounds [22], and burns [23]. It is considered to hold great promise for the developing world, where bacterial infections cause a large number of deaths, in a global context where the widespread use of antibiotics is fuelling the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance [24].
The formation of biofilms drives the development of resistance with some bacterial and fungal infections through a multistage process involving planktonic microbial quorum sensing [25], surface adhesion, colony formation and maturation, and biofilm formation, with microbial detachment from biofilms leading to attachment elsewhere, starting the process all over again as the biofilm grows [26][27]. Throughout its life cycle, the bacterial cells remain suspended in, and otherwise embedded in the biofilm, which is made up of an extracellular polymeric substance matrix consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and lipids, making it difficult to reach the suspended bacterial cells [28][29][30]. Antibacterial PDT has been shown to overcome the biofilm-mediated bacterial resistance strategy by breaking down the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, thereby providing access to the bacterial cells that are embedded in it [31][32].
Nanoconjugates incorporating the PS in their structure and composition constitute the most widely reported antibacterial PDT strategy compared to the application of free PSs [33]. The structure of these nanoconjugates is designed to ensure labile incorporation of the PS into the conjugate so that it retains the capability to generate reactive oxygen species [34]. Several nanoparticles act as antibacterial PDT PSs capable of biofilm degradation and bacterial cell destruction on their own. The most widely reported include nanoparticles of porphyrins [35] and phthalocyanines [36], metallic silver [37] and metallic gold [38], and copper sulphide [39], as well as oxides of nanographene [35], zinc [40], and iron [41]. For example, the three different morphologies of copper sulfide nanostructures, including microspheres, nanosheets, and nanoparticles, were found to exhibit different antibacterial PDT activities against E. coli, and this was largely attributed to their different concomitant photothermal conversion coefficients upon irradiation with normal sunlight [42]. Most of the magnetic metal chalcogenide nanomaterials exhibit concomitant photothermal and magnetothermal conversion capability and are therefore used as agents for combination therapies involving PTT, MGH, and PDT. For example, iron oxide nanoparticles are used in MGH, PTT, and PDT combinations [41]. Furthermore, studies have shown that nanographene oxide and copper sulfide nanoparticles are efficacious PTT and PDT agents [35][39]. Bacterial infection stimulus-responsive release of the PS derived from cleverly designed nanoconjugates for antibacterial PDT exploits any of the characteristics of the biofilm microenvironment, such as lower pH, insufficient oxygenation, and the altered concentration of enzymes and hydrogen peroxide compared to normal tissue microenvironments [43][44]. Table 1 lists the some of the current applications of PDT.
Table 1. Some of the applications of photodynamic therapy.
Applications and Description References
1 Anticancer [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
2 Antimicrobial [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
3 Viral Herpes [45][46]
4 SARS-CoV-2 [16][47]
5 Bacterial Acne [48][49]
6 Wet age-related macular degeneration [50][51]
7 Atherosclerosis [52][53]
8 Psoriasis [54][55]
9 Environmental sanitization [15][56][57]
10 Pest control [15][58][59]
11 Dermatology [60][61]

4. Other Applications of Photodynamic Therapy

As the pathogenic cause of acne, bacterial and fungal growth that occurs when the hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells in the skin, especially on the face, may be treated with antibacterial PDT [48]. Wet age-related macular degeneration occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye and damage the macula [62]. PDT destroys the macula blood vessels, after which new growth gives rise to normal blood vessels [63]. An accumulation of plaque in the inner lining causes atherosclerosis as a thickening or hardening of the arteries [64]. Fast-growing skin cells cause an itchy scalp and flakes on the skin known as psoriasis [65]. The recent emergence of viral pandemics, such as the recent pandemic caused by COVD-19, has triggered an avalanche of interest in antiviral PDT [66]. PDT has been shown to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi [67]. For this reason, the technology has been tested for sanitization of the environment, such as work surfaces, where the reactive oxygen species produced can kill microorganisms. It has also been tested as a pesticide against insect larvae [58]. From the foregoing discussion, it is easy to see why the applications of PDT have gone beyond cancer and bacterial infections to include the treatment of acne [48][49], wet age-related macular degeneration [50][51], atherosclerosis [52][53], psoriasis [54][55], and antiviral treatments [61][68], including herpes [45][46] and the COVID-19 [47] virus. Investigations have been conducted for environmental sanitization [56] and pest control [58][59] and why it is among the most commonly used therapeutic techniques in dermatology [60][69].

References

  1. Dougherty, T.J.; Kaufman, J.E.; Goldfarb, A.; Weishaupt, K.R.; Boyle, D.; Mittleman, A. Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Cancer Res. 1978, 38, 2628–2635.
  2. Bonelli, J.; Ortega-Forte, E.; Rovira, A.; Bosch, M.; Torres, O.; Cuscó, C.; Rocas, J.; Ruiz, J.; Marchán, V. Improving Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Activity of a Mitochondria-Targeted Coumarin Photosensitizer Using a Polyurethane–Polyurea Hybrid Nanocarrier. Biomacromolecules 2022, 23, 2900–2913.
  3. Chen, J.; Wang, Y.; Fang, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, A.; Xue, J. Improved photodynamic anticancer activity and mechanisms of a promising zinc(II) phthalocyanine-quinoline conjugate photosensitizer in vitro and in vivo. Biomed. Opt. Express 2020, 11, 3900–3912.
  4. Shang, L.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, J.; Shi, Y.; Zhong, L. Metal Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy: A Potential Treatment for Breast Cancer. Molecules 2021, 26, 6532.
  5. Shariatzadeh, S.; Moghimi, N.; Khalafi, F.; Shafiee, S.; Mehrabi, M.; Ilkhani, S.; Tosan, F.; Nakhaei, P.; Alizadeh, A.; Varma, R.S.; et al. Metallic Nanoparticles for the Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment; A New Horizon. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022, 10, 847433.
  6. Kritika, K.; Indrajit, R. Therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles: Recent advances. Adv. Mater. 2022, 3, 7425–7444.
  7. Gu, H.; Xu, K.; Yang, Z.; Changa, C.K.; Xu, B. Synthesis and cellular uptake of porphyrin decorated iron oxide nanoparticles—A potential candidate for bimodal anticancer therapy. Chem. Commun. 2005, 34, 4270–4272.
  8. Yang, Z.; Xu, K.; Zhang, B.; Xu, B.; Zhang, X.; Chang, C.K. Photosensitizer decorated iron oxide nanoparticles: Bimodal agent for combined hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy. In Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XV, Proceedings of the SPIE BiOS, San Jose, CA, USA, 21–26 January 2006; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2006; Volume 6139, pp. 1605–7422.
  9. Zhao, S.; Yu, X.; Qian, Y.; Chen, W.; Shen, J. Multifunctional magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: An advanced platform for cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2020, 10, 6278–6309.
  10. Ansari, M.; Bigham, A.; Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, S.A.; Ahangar, H.A. Synthesis and characterization of Cu0.3Zn0.5Mg0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic drug delivery system. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2017, 439, 67–75.
  11. Farjadian, F.; Ghasemi, S.; Akbarian, M.; Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, M.; Moghoofei, M.; Doroudian, M. Physically stimulus-responsive nanoparticles for therapy and diagnosis. Front. Chem. 2022, 10, 952675.
  12. Rahim, M.A.; Jan, N.; Khan, S.; Shah, H.; Madni, A.; Khan, A.; Jabar, A.; Khan, S.; Abdelbary Elhissi, A.; Hussain, Z.; et al. Recent Advancements in Stimuli Responsive Drug Delivery Platforms for Active and Passive Cancer Targeting. Cancers 2021, 13, 670.
  13. Crous, A.; Abrahamse, H. Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Improved Lung Cancer Treatment. In Lung Cancer—Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment; Intech: London, UK, 2018; pp. 153–172.
  14. Demiral, A.; SGoralı, I.; Hülya Yılmaz, H.; Verimli, N.; Çulha, M.; Erdem, S.S. Stimuli-responsive theranostic system: A promising approach for augmented multimodal imaging and efficient drug release. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2022, 177, 9–23.
  15. Songca, S.P.; Adjei, Y. Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3209.
  16. Svyatchenko, V.A.; Nikonov, S.D.; Mayorov, A.P.; Gelfond, M.L.; Loktev, V.B. Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2021, 33, 102112.
  17. Ghorbani, J.; Rahban, D.; Aghamiri, S.; Teymouri, A.; Bahador, A. Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: An overview. Laser Ther. 2018, 27, 293–302.
  18. Liang, Y.I.; Lu, L.M.; Chen, Y.; Lin, Y.K. Photodynamic therapy as an antifungal treatment. Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 12, 23–27.
  19. Brovko, L.Y.; Meyer, A.; Tiwana, A.S.; Chen, W.; Liu, H.; Filipe, C.D.; Griffiths, M.W. Photodynamic treatment: A novel method for sanitation of food handling and food processing surfaces. J. Food Prot. 2009, 72, 1020–1024.
  20. Theodoro, L.H.; Lopes, A.B.; Nuernberg, M.; Cláudio, M.M.; Miessi, D.; Alves, M.; Duque, C.; Mombelli, A.; Garcia, V.G. Comparison of repeated applications of aPDT with amoxicillin and metronidazole in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A short-term study. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2017, 174, 364–369.
  21. Hokari, T.; Morozumi, T.; Komatsu, Y.; Shimizu, T.; Yoshino, T.; Tanaka, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Nohno, K.; Kubota, T.; Yoshie, H. Effects of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Local Administration of Minocycline on Clinical, Microbiological, and Inflammatory Markers of Periodontal Pockets: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Dent. 2018, 2018, 1748584.
  22. Sun, Y.; Ogawa, R.; Xiao, B.H.; Feng, Y.X.; Wu, Y.; Chen, L.H.; Gao, X.H.; Chen, H.D. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in skin wound healing: A systematic review of animal studies. Int. Wound J. 2020, 17, 285–299.
  23. Zhao, Z.; Ma, J.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, J.; Hong, G.; Liu, T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Antibiotic in the Treatment of Rats with Third-Degree Burns. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 622410.
  24. Liu, Y.; Qin, R.; Zaat, S.A.J.; Breukink, E.; Heger, M. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy: Overview of a promising approach to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. J. Clin. Transl. Res. 2015, 1, 140–167.
  25. Dickschat, J.S. Quorum sensing and bacterial biofilms. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2010, 27, 343–369.
  26. Kaplan, J.B. Biofilm dispersal: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic uses. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 89, 205–218.
  27. Hu, Y.; Wang, W.; Huang, S.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, X. A targeted nanozyme based on multiple porphyrins for enhanced photodynamic antibacterial application. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 431, 133704.
  28. Muhammad, M.H.; Idris, A.L.; Fan, X.; Guo, Y.; Yu, Y.; Jin, X.; Qiu, J.; Guan, X.; Huang, T. Beyond Risk: Bacterial Biofilms and Their Regulating Approaches. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 928.
  29. Karygianni, L.; Ren, Z.; Koo, H.; Thurnheer, T. Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities. Trends Microbiol. 2020, 28, 668–681.
  30. Amankwah, S.; Abdella, K.; Kassa, T. Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 2021, 14, 161–177.
  31. Kikuchi, T.; Mogi, M.; Okabe, I.; Okada, K.; Goto, H.; Sasaki, Y.; Fujimura, T.; Fukuda, M.; Mitani, A. Adjunctive Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Review of Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 24111–24126.
  32. Sharab, L.; Baier, R.E.; Ciancio, S.; Mang, T. Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Bacterial Attachment to Titanium Surface. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 47, 427–435.
  33. Qi, M.; Chi, M.; Sun, X.; Xie, X.; Weir, M.D.; Oates, T.W.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, L.; Bai, Y.; Xu, H.H. Novel nanomaterial-based antibacterial photodynamic therapies to combat oral bacterial biofilms and infectious diseases. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 6937–6956.
  34. Garapati, C.; Boddu, S.H.S.; Jacob, S.; Ranch, K.M.; Patel, C.; Babu, R.; Tiwari, A.K.; Yasin, H. Photodynamic therapy: A special emphasis on nanocarrier-mediated delivery of photosensitizers in antimicrobial therapy. Arab. J. Chem. 2023, 16, 104583.
  35. Romero, M.P.; Marangoni, V.S.; de Faria, C.G.; Leite, I.S.; Silva, C.C.C.; Maroneze, C.M.; Pereira-da-Silva, M.A.; Bagnato, V.S.; Inada, N.M. Graphene Oxide Mediated Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Based on Bimodal Action of Photodynamic and Photothermal Effects. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 2995.
  36. Wang, D.; Niu, L.; Qiao, Z.Y.; Cheng, D.B.; Wang, J.; Zhong, Y.; Bai, F.; Wang, H.; Fan, H. Synthesis of Self-Assembled Porphyrin Nanoparticle Photosensitizers. ACS Nano 2018, 24, 3796–3803.
  37. Li, Y.; Zhang, W.; Niu, J.; Chen, Y. Surface-Coating-Dependent Dissolution, Aggregation, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation of Silver Nanoparticles under Different Irradiation Conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 10293–10301.
  38. Kim, H.S.; Lee, D.Y. Near-Infrared-Responsive Cancer Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Gold Nanoparticles. Polymers 2018, 10, 961.
  39. Wang, S.; Riedinger, A.; Li, H.; Fu, C.; Liu, H.; Li, L.; Liu, T.; Tan, L.; Barthel, M.J.; Pugliese, G.; et al. Plasmonic copper sulfide nanocrystals exhibiting near-infrared photothermal and photodynamic therapeutic effects. ACS Nano 2015, 24, 1788–1800.
  40. Pourhajibagher, M.; Bahador, A. Enhanced reduction of polymicrobial biofilms on the orthodontic brackets and enamel surface remineralization using zeolite-zinc oxide nanoparticles-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. BMC Microbiol. 2021, 21, 273.
  41. Zhang, T.; Li, Y.; Hong, W.; Chen, Z.; Peng, P.; Yuan, S.; Qu, J.; Xiao, M.; Xu, L. Glucose oxidase and polydopamine functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles: Combination of the photothermal effect and reactive oxygen species generation for dual-modality selective cancer therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B Biol. 2019, 7, 2190–2200.
  42. Mutalik, C.; Okoro, G.; Krisnawati, D.I.; Jazidie, A.; Rahmawati, E.Q.; Rahayu, D.; Hsu, W.T.; Kuo, T.R. Copper sulfide with morphology-dependent photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial activities. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 607, 1825–1835.
  43. Munir, M.U.; Ahmed, A.; Usman, M.; Salman, S. Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Aided Materials in Combating Microbial Resistance and Functioning as Antibiotics Substitutes. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020, 15, 7329–7358.
  44. Lv, X.; Zhang, J.; Yang, D.; Shao, J.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Q.; Dong, X. Recent advances in pH-responsive nanomaterials for anti-infective therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B Biol. 2020, 8, 10700–10711.
  45. La Selva, A.; Negreiros, R.M.; Bezerra, D.T.; Rosa, E.P.; Pavesi, V.C.S.; Navarro, R.S.; Bello-Silva, M.S.; Ramalho, K.M.; Aranha, A.C.C.; Braz-Silva, P.H.; et al. Treatment of herpes labialis by photodynamic therapy: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT compliant). Med. Baltim. 2020, 99, e19500.
  46. Marotti, J.; Aranha, A.C.; Eduardo, C.P.; Ribeiro, M.S. Photodynamic therapy can be effective as a treatment for herpes simplex labialis. Photomed. Laser Surg. 2009, 27, 357–363.
  47. Conrado, P.C.V.; Sakita, K.M.; Arita, G.S.; Galinari, C.B.; Gonçalves, R.S.; Lopes, L.D.G.; Lonardoni, M.V.C.; Teixeira, J.J.V.; Bonfim-Mendonça, P.S.; Kioshima, E.S. A systematic review of photodynamic therapy as an antiviral treatment: Potential guidance for dealing with SARS-CoV-2. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2021, 34, 102221.
  48. Boen, M.; Brownell, J.; Patel, P.; Tsoukas, M.M. The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Acne: An Evidence-Based Review. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2017, 18, 311–321.
  49. Wojewoda, K.; Gillstedt, M.; Tovi, J.; Salah, L.; Larkö, A.M.W.; Sjöholm, A.; Sandberg, C. Optimizing treatment of acne with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to achieve long-term remission and reduce side effects. A prospective randomized controlled trial. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2021, 223, 112299.
  50. Meads, C.; Salas, C.; Roberts, T.; Moore, D.; Fry-Smith, A.; Hyde, C. Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Utility of Photodynamic therapy for Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Economic Evaluation. In NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme: Executive Summaries; NIHR Journals Library: Southampton, UK, 2003. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62326/ (accessed on 28 June 2023).
  51. Yip, P.P.; Woo, C.F.; Tang, H.H.Y.; Ho, C.K. Triple therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using single-session photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2009, 93, 754–758.
  52. Houthoofd, S.; Vuylsteke, M.; Mordon, S.; Fourneau, I. Photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis. The potential of indocyanine green. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2020, 29, 101568.
  53. Jain, M.; Zellweger, M.; Wagnières, G.; van den Bergh, H.; Cook, S.; Giraud, M.N. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaque: Lost in translation? Cardiovasc. Ther. 2017, 35, 2.
  54. Choi, Y.M.; Adelzadeh, L.; Wu, J.J. Photodynamic therapy for psoriasis. J. Dermatol. Treat. 2015, 26, 202–207.
  55. Tandon, Y.K.; Yang, M.F.; Baron, E.D. Role of photodynamic therapy in psoriasis: A brief review. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2008, 24, 222–230.
  56. Bartolomeu, M.; Oliveira, C.; Pereira, C.; Neves, M.G.P.M.S.; Faustino, M.A.F.; Almeida, A. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Approach in the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater: Influence of Alternative Adjuvants. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 767.
  57. Karami-Gadallo, L.; Ghoranneviss, M.; Ataie-Fashtami, L.; Pouladian, M.; Sardari, D. Enhancement of cancerous cells treatment by applying cold atmospheric plasma and photo dynamic therapy simultaneously. Clin. Plasma Med. 2017, 7, 46–51.
  58. Shiao, S.H.; Weng, S.C.; Luan, L.; Vicente, M.G.H.; Ng, D.K.P.; Kolli, B.K.; Chang, K.P. Novel phthalocyanines activated by dim light for mosquito larva- and cell-inactivation with inference for their potential as broad-spectrum photodynamic insecticides. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0217355.
  59. Abivardi, C. Photodynamic Action in Pest Control and Medicine. In Encyclopedia of Entomology; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004.
  60. Wan, M.T.; Lin, J.Y. Current evidence and applications of photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. 2014, 7, 145–163.
  61. Praena, B.; Mascaraque, M.; Andreu, S.; Bello-Morales, R.; Abarca-Lachen, E.; Rapozzi, V.; Gilaberte, Y.; González, S.; López-Guerrero, J.A.; Juarranz, Á. Potent Virucidal Activity In Vitro of Photodynamic Therapy with Hypericum Extract as Photosensitizer and White Light against Human Coronavirus HCoV-229E. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2364.
  62. Stahl, A. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Dtsch. Ärzteblatt Int. 2020, 117, 29–30, 513–520.
  63. Browning, A.C.; Amoaku, W.M.; Dua, H.S. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration. J. R. Soc. Med. 2004, 97, 166–169.
  64. Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Setorki, M.; Doudi, M.; Baradaran, A.; Nasri, H. Atherosclerosis: Process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 5, 927–946.
  65. Makuch, S.; Dróżdż, M.; Makarec, A.; Ziółkowski, P.; Woźniak, M. An Update on Photodynamic Therapy of Psoriasis-Current Strategies and Nanotechnology as a Future Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9845.
  66. Fekrazad, R.; Asefi, S.; Pourhajibagher, M.; Vahdatinia, F.; Fekrazad, S.; Bahador, A.; Heidi Abrahamse, H.; Hamblin, M.R. Photobiomodulation and Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID-19 Management. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2021, 1318, 517–547.
  67. Demidova, T.N.; Hamblin, M.R. Photodynamic therapy targeted to pathogens. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2004, 17, 245–254.
  68. Mfouo-Tynga, I.S.; Mouinga-Ondeme, A.G. Photodynamic Therapy: A Prospective Therapeutic Approach for Viral Infections and Induced Neoplasia. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1273.
  69. Kalka, K.; Merk, H.; Mukhtar, H. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000, 42, 389–416.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Chemistry, Organic
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Sandile Phinda Songca
View Times: 365
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 22 Sep 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback