Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Sandra Paula Cruz
 -- 2824 2023-08-14 12:37:52 |
2 format change
Peter Tang
 Meta information modification 2824 2023-08-15 02:59:54 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Raimundo, R.J.; Baltazar, M.E.; Cruz, S.P. Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48044 (accessed on 03 July 2024).
Raimundo RJ, Baltazar ME, Cruz SP. Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48044. Accessed July 03, 2024.
Raimundo, Ricardo Jorge, Maria Emilia Baltazar, Sandra P. Cruz. "Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48044 (accessed July 03, 2024).
Raimundo, R.J., Baltazar, M.E., & Cruz, S.P. (2023, August 14). Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/48044
Raimundo, Ricardo Jorge, et al. "Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 August, 2023.
Sustainability in Airports Ecosystem
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su151612325

Economic, social, and environmental sustainability impacts regulators and businesses, particularly in the aviation industry, and facilitates access to productive services and market linkages. Airport stakeholders are increasingly pressuring companies to consider their socioeconomic impacts and manage them sustainably and resiliently. Business is paramount to airport companies in this competitive and economically sensitive climate.

sustainability airports aviation

1. Introduction

Airport infrastructure is essential to society’s transportation network and presents key environmental challenges. Massive investments are required to modernise and rehabilitate the ageing and inadequate airport infrastructure and prepare for handling passengers worldwide, according to COVID-19 [1]. The environmental impact of building and operating an airport is considerable, especially considering that the aviation industry is responsible for significant global greenhouse gas emissions, not including the impact of airport construction and operations [2].
In public policy, airport sustainability is an emerging area of interest. This report provides a much-needed overview of relevant sustainability indicators and methodologies for airport infrastructure. In addition, the expected increase in demand for air travel will exacerbate the environmental impacts of airport construction and operation [3].
Sustainability is about managing the resources of today’s society in a way that does not compromise the needs of future society. The triple-bottom-line approach aims to achieve sustainability. Sustainability indicators or metrics can be used to measure an airport’s sustainability performance. These indicators are critical for making decisions about airport infrastructure’s sustainable design and operation [1].
In addition, the aviation industry defines airport sustainability as a triple-bottom-line concept with a fourth pillar focused on operational efficiency. Airport sustainability includes general sustainability, energy supply, strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, air quality impacts, water management, ground transportation, sustainable construction, and waste management [3].
Therefore, the definition of airport environmental sustainability varies in the academic literature, with some defining it based on multiple categories of environmental impacts and others limiting this definition to the traditional environmental impacts of aviation [1].

2. Airports

Airports have economic, environmental, and social impacts on communities. Adoption of social sustainability practices varies among small hub airports and focuses on four categories of stakeholders: Passengers and travellers, employees, communities and local businesses, and concessionaires and tenants [1]. Some studies compare the world’s leading airports based on passenger surveys, sustainability performance, and differences in sustainability indicators according to sustainability reports prepared according to GRI guidelines [2]. Others analyse airport efficiency and economic sustainability using the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method and conclude that airport size, the presence of low-cost airlines, and cargo volumes significantly impact efficiency and economic sustainability, with DEA by means of the basis of multiple inputs and outputs it is possible to measure the relative efficiency of decision-making units. The efficiency of a unit is defined as the weighted sum of its outputs divided by a weighted sum of its inputs, the weights for inputs and outputs are estimated by a linear programming so as to maximize the relative efficiency of each unit. numerous applications employing the DEA methodology have been proposed, and they involve several contexts. Actually, it is designed to evaluate data management units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs without a clear identification of the relation between them, but it has then progressed throughout a variety of formulations and applications to other kinds of industries [3]. The key operational aspects of the airport industry are examined to assess the degree of responsibility of airport managers in disclosing corporate information about the economic, environmental, and social performance of airports, suggesting that customer orientation, economic viability, and business readiness are operational aspects of great importance [4]. Therefore, airport management needs to develop an effective business program to improve the existing system’s performance [5]. In summary, airport performance needs to be evaluated for airports [6].

3. Sustainability and Sustainable Development

Sustainability has become a focus for practitioners and academics due to increasing socioeconomic problems. In Southeast Asia, airport operators have adopted sustainable practices to reduce carbon emissions, reduce waste and wastewater, increase economic contribution, meet passenger needs, and satisfy employee needs. Adopting new technologies for sustainable practices has been slow [7]. New airport operational sustainability definitions have been developed to help airports develop sustainable management plans, identify problems, and set performance targets [8]. In developing countries, sustainability and resilience strategies become less important when economic problems and high workloads come into play. However, passengers perceive an airport’s sustainability activities and ethical core and are willing to use airport services again in their future trips [9]. Some studies investigated the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation on the reputation of Incheon International Airport and found that CSR positively impacts reputation. Therefore, CSR activities can positively influence customer perceptions, strengthen the importance of sustainability, and play an important role in the Korean airport industry [10]. As a result, sustainability has become as important as management in business, and there is no consensus on a methodology to ensure sustainability in pavement life cycle assessment and analysis. Studies are needed to explore sustainability, explain its importance, and provide research recommendations [11].
Sustainability is an appropriate means to evaluate the performance of airports to ensure sustainable development. The aim is to integrate qualitative and quantitative information with the balanced scorecard for sustainability and use influential network-relationship maps to evaluate the main influences on the performance of international airports in terms of sustainability [12]. Some research has developed an airport sustainability ranking index that uses 5 dimensions and 25 indicators to assess airport performance on multiple factors. The index can help airport managers coordinate strategies for sustainable energy, water, and environmental development [13]. In summary, airports’ dependency level is important from economic geography and risk management perspective, as it can provide information on the sustainability and viability of financing airport projects [14].

4. Airline Industry

Global sustainability challenges are transforming the 21st century economy, and the role of sustainability in the airline industry ecosystem requires a systems approach and assessment tool for airport strategy [15]. Airlines have traditionally been the main players in deciding which new flights to open at a given airport. Still, introducing low-cost airlines has changed the reciprocal role of airlines and airports by requiring forecasting of passenger flows at an airport and the impact of a change in schedule on surrounding airports [16].
Some argue that the introduction of low-cost airlines and the increase in the density of regional and secondary airports in many European countries has changed the mutual role of airlines and airports. Today, airports must demonstrate the sustainability of new routes and forecast the economic impact on their catchment area [17]. Others focused on evaluating the reliability of the multistage flight network’s (MSFN) flight network considering the time and number of stopovers and developed a search method instead of specifying all minimum capacity vectors in advance.
Some research addresses cases of reputation and stakeholder management in the transition to sustainability, focusing on aviation biofuel (biokerosene) and how airlines, airports, and bio-kerosene suppliers collaborate in the process of mutual strategic positioning that supports trust building and market development while promoting positive stakeholder perceptions [18]. Airlines and passengers are in tension with each other due to the complex supplier-customer structure that requires a multi-level Quality Function Deployment (QFD) model to find a compromise between airline and passenger requirements and ensure the generality and sustainability of the quality implementation [19].
Other literature sources indicate that aviation is a multicultural business environment, and its management requires a high awareness of human factor risks. The objective is to develop a human risk mapping model that considers the interrelationships among risk factors based on a multidimensional approach. Include a new risk mapping model focusing on organisational behaviour and culture to address ergonomic issues in the risk management system. The human factor determines the outcome in any organisation and any decision-making. New models can be useful for managing ergonomic human factors-based risks in aviation maintenance, such as the risk matrix, which contributes to the aviation management and strategy literature [20].
On the other hand, others suggest that risk knowledge has a direct influence on air travel behaviour, with an indirect influence via risk perception [21], e.g., the current drivers of demand for long-distance passenger travel in Europe and its environmental impact, while long-haul air travel is increasing at an unacceptable rate [22]. Green life cycle management is also a systems engineering approach to improve the environmental sustainability of the aviation sector [23]. At the same time, the challenges, opportunities, and key research priorities are discussed [24].
In contrast, in less developed countries, the aviation industry is growing rapidly, but airlines are regularly experiencing financial difficulties. A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is used to identify key factors and rank them by their relative importance, revealing that financial factors—e.g., utilisation factor—are the most important and operating revenue per mile is the key variable for this sector [25]. Furthermore, the explosion of e-commerce has increased the number of transportation requests worldwide, increasing the capacity of communication channels, warehouse space, and pollution, ultimately affecting environmental sustainability [26].
Finally, the number of domestic and international air passengers will reach six billion by 2030, leading to negative impacts, such as on the environment. The goal is to develop new air traffic management and load measurement systems for operators to reduce environmental impacts, carbon emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, and operating costs [27]. In the United Kingdom, privatised utilities and infrastructure providers have increased labour productivity, lowered prices, improved service quality, and significantly contributed to public finances. Still, the long-term problems remain to be solved [28].

5. Construction

In urban planning, the linkage between urban architecture, technology, neighbourhood management, and the social infrastructure of neighbourhoods is certain. In contrast, social conditions are important in mediating, facilitating, and integrating urban planning discourses [29]. To illustrate, the Okavango Delta is one of Botswana’s leading tourism areas. It has encouraged the development of associated infrastructure and facilities, including hotels, lodges and camps, airports and airstrips, and other communication facilities in the Ngamiland district. Nevertheless, tourism is beginning to impact the environment negatively [30].
In today’s society, protected areas are expected to justify their existence through the services they provide to society. Tourist data provide a reproducible case study for a better understanding of the sustainability of parks, improving key elements such as location, biodiversity, infrastructure, and cost of camp accommodation. It is thus important to highlight the complex interplay between ecological and built infrastructure [31], examine landscape design challenges in suburban areas, and discuss planned megaprojects and their implications for future sustainability in mitigation [32].
Noteworthy to mention that despite roads being the primary mode of transportation, the aviation sector accounts for a large share of emissions and energy consumption worldwide. The ensuing upgrading of existing soils to improve the runway needs to be evaluated [33]. In the Czech Republic, for example, the evaluation of former pond systems is currently being developed at the Czech Technical College in Prague in collaboration with Palacky College in Olomouc. The assessment considers various technical and socioeconomic criteria to determine land use and avoid major incidents [34].
In short, airport pavement design and construction must meet rigorous requirements and higher safety standards. In this case, airport operators are increasingly adopting environmental management plans and green measures, which use construction techniques and innovative materials to achieve sustainability of airfield pavements [35] operated by local authorities [36]. Moreover, major infrastructure projects (MIPs) rapidly increase worldwide while providing a conceptual framework for managing value creation in a project provider organisation [37].

6. Building Comfort and Airport Materials

Passengers and employees of airports and airlines spend significant time in airport buildings. Optimal user comfort can be achieved by incorporating natural light and addressing the functional characteristics of air travel while conserving energy. Consequently, many airports worldwide are developing greener business profiles to reduce the environmental and socioeconomic impacts caused by airline operations, such as in the case of the LEED airport sustainability certification scheme [38].
More than 2500 airports worldwide thus represent critical infrastructure serving 4 billion passengers annually. Some propose a framework for assessing airports’ sustainability and improving effective practices such as low-emission electricity procurement and gate facilities to help airports achieve sustainability goals [39]. Sustainability is becoming a priority for airport projects, as are pavement treatments with life-cycle cost analysis. Aviation infrastructure development is critical to economic and social growth [40].
Thus, the construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation cost of airport pavements is enormous. Some case studies illustrate the impact of economic evaluation on decision-making for projects where the use of crack-sealed pavements (CSOL) is 35.8% and 28.3% more cost-effective than Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot mix asphalt (HMA), respectively [41], as well as the central role that local governments play in the impacts of infrastructure development on soil, water, air, and wildlife species, and the strategies for mitigating and adapting wildlife populations at airports [42]. In today’s rapidly changing global economy, airports play an important role in measuring and managing sustainable performance based on economic, social, and environmental parameters [43].
Nevertheless, developed and less developed countries take different approaches to formulating strategic plans for aviation. These plans are often dictated by local political pressures and influenced by uncoordinated foreign aid, with private airports being more efficient than those with a mixed ownership/management model [44]. For example, a lawn mower reduces staffing requirements and local emissions. However, staff are still needed for inspections and maintenance [45]. At the same time, autonomous vehicles equipped with integrity enhancement systems can also potentially increase the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of airport operations on the ground [46].
Finally, another stream of literature examines the quality of service (QoS) assessment process at airport terminals to find gaps, highlight trends, and discuss current challenges, such as the lack of applications [47]. Moreover, some considerations are given on how to manage the air cargo handling process qualitatively, with certain requirements, such as competent cargo staff, procedures, cargo information system, infrastructure with sufficient capacity, and process management, showing that the environmental and safety aspects of the process are of significant importance for sustainability [48], which is also in line with the balanced scorecard perspective, system sustainability, and safety requirements [49][50].

7. Energy Management

Airports use fossil fuels and electricity to meet various operational needs, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and lighting. For instance, a best energy management practice is implementing an energy monitoring system. Literature posits that an airport’s energy management practices indicate sustainability. However, implementation depends on site characteristics, including climate, occupancy levels, and hours of operation, and an index can help airport managers coordinate strategies for the sustainable development of energy, water, and environmental systems [13]. Also, the aviation industry is responsible for many emissions and energy consumption, such as upgrading existing soils through cement stabilisation [33].
On the other hand, on-site renewable energy is another typical indicator of sustainability discussed in the literature. Airports are ideal candidates for using on-site renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, which ideally meet both the airports and the community’s electricity needs, also in terms of waste management, reducing waste per passenger and aircraft movement [51].

8. Air Quality and Water Management

Exposure to indoor air pollutants can negatively impact human health, including increased risk of respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and death. Indoor air quality research focuses on the pollutants and factors contributing to occupant exposure in facilities such as terminals and control towers [13]. Research on emissions from ground handling equipment, ground power units, and aircraft engines is more limited than research on aircraft emissions [33].
Conversely, airports consume water for indoor and outdoor operations. They can reduce water consumption by using water-efficient fixtures, reducing irrigation needs, and using alternative water sources. Rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation, greywater reuse, seawater reuse, and greywater reuse have already been explored [47]. As the world’s population grows, pressure on finite water resources increases, especially in desert areas. Satellite measurements of land subsidence can serve as the basis for many aspects of sustainable water resource management plans that will need to be developed and implemented in the coming years [52].

9. Business

Some studies suggest that developing a public-private partnership business centre in the region, especially in the airport area, will improve regional economic equity. The results suggest a cooperative agreement between the local government and airport management benefits both parties [53]. For example, cooperation between Seville-San Pablo Airport and Seville public-private organisations has helped to improve the accessibility and brand image of Seville as a tourist destination and to control rising costs, optimise processes, reallocate resources, and especially improve access by air [54]. Also, the pandemic COVID -19 caused significant disruption to the airline industry, including the closure of flights in many markets [55].
Second, values are important in understanding managerial behaviour, as some studies identify the values that influence an organisation’s business approach and determine managers’ value hierarchy using factor analysis [56]. Some studies have applied ideas from organisational ecology to understand the economic strategies and socioeconomic incompatibilities between different business models [57]. On the other hand, methods to improve energy management in airports have been proposed, showing potential for energy savings [58].
Finally, concerning the economic evaluation of greenhouse gas savings and economic benefits associated with sustainable water and energy management, some airports have shown positive steps toward sustainability [59], some have shown a significant economic impact on the different environments studied [60], while airports link distant goals but do not prioritise environmental management issues [61].

References

  1. Marete, C.K.; Johnson, M.E. Case Study of Social Sustainability Practices in US Small Hub Airports. Transp. Res. Rec. 2021, 2675, 916–926.
  2. Koç, S.; Durmaz, V. Airport Corporate Sustainability: An Analysis of Indicators Reported in the Sustainability Practices. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2015, 181, 158–170.
  3. Carlucci, F.; Coccorese, P.; Cirà, A. Measuring and explaining airport efficiency and sustainability: Evidence from Italy. Sustainability 2018, 10, 400.
  4. Karagiannis, I.; Vouros, P.; Skouloudis, A.; Evangelinos, K. Sustainability reporting, materiality, and accountability assessment in the airport industry. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2019, 28, 1370–1405.
  5. Novrisal, D.; Wahyuni, N.; Hamani, N.; Elmhamedi, A.; Soemardi, T.P. Simulation of departure terminal in Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Bangkok, Thailand, 10–13 December 2013; pp. 600–604.
  6. Wang, Z.; Song, W.-K. Sustainable airport development with performance evaluation forecasts: A case study of 12 Asian airports. J. Air Transp. Manag. 2020, 89, 101925.
  7. Sreenath, S.; Sudhakar, K.; Yusop, A.F. Sustainability at Airports: Technologies and Best Practices from ASEAN Countries. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 299, 113639.
  8. Gu, Y.; Johnson, M.E. Multiple-Case Study of US General Aviation Airports for Operational Sustainability. Transp. Res. Rec. 2020, 2674, 608–620.
  9. Pishdar, M.; Ghasemzadeh, F.; Maskeliūnaitė, L.; Bražiūnas, J. The Influence of Resilience and Sustainability Perception on Airport Brand Promotion and Desire to Reuse of Airport Services: The Case of Iran Airports. Transport 2019, 34, 617–627.
  10. Lee, S.; Park, J.-W.; Chung, S. The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Reputation: The Case of Incheon International Airport. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10930.
  11. Giustozzi, F.; Toraldo, E.; Crispino, M. Recycled airport pavements for achieving environmental sustainability: An Italian case study. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2012, 68, 67–75.
  12. Lu, M.-T.; Hsu, C.-C.; Liou, J.J.H.; Lo, H.-W. A hybrid MCDM and sustainability-balanced scorecard model to establish sustainable performance evaluation for international airports. J. Air Transp. Manag. 2018, 71, 9–19.
  13. Kılkış, Ş.; Kılkış, Ş. Benchmarking airports based on a sustainability ranking index. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 130, 248–259.
  14. Koo, T.; Halpern, N.; Papatheodorou, A.; Graham, A.; Arvanitis, P. Air transport liberalisation and airport dependency: Developing a composite index. J. Transp. Geogr. 2016, 50, 83–93.
  15. Dimitriou, D.; Karagkouni, A. Assortment of Airports’ Sustainability Strategy: A Comprehensiveness Analysis Framework. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4217.
  16. Benedetti, G.; Gobbato, L.; Perboli, G.; Perfetti, F. The Cagliari Airport Impact on Sardinia Tourism: A Logit-based Analysis. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 54, 1010–1018.
  17. Perboli, G.; Ghirardi, M.; Gobbato, L.; Perfetti, F. Flights and Their Economic Impact on the Airport Catchment Area: An Application to the Italian Tourist Market. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 2015, 164, 1109–1133.
  18. Babashamsi, P.; Md Yusoff, N.I.; Ceylan, H.; Md Nor, N.G.; Jenatabadi, H.S. Sustainable Development Factors in Pavement Life-Cycle: Highway/Airport Review. Sustainability 2016, 8, 248.
  19. Di Vaio, A.; Varriale, L. SDGs and airport sustainable performance: Evidence from Italy on organisational, accounting and reporting practices through financial and non-financial disclosure. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 249, 119431.
  20. Kucuk Yilmaz, A. Strategic approach to managing human factors risk in aircraft maintenance organization: Risk mapping. Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 2019, 91, 654–668.
  21. Niemtu, W.; Qin, K.; Toseef, M. A study on sustainable air travel behavior under the possible remedy of risk knowledge: A mediating perspective of risk perception during COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 874541.
  22. Aparicio, A. Exploring the Sustainability Challenges of Long-distance Passenger Trends in Europe. Transp. Res. Procedia 2016, 13, 90–99.
  23. Mancinelli, E.; Passerini, G.; Canestrari, F.; Graziani, A.; Rizza, U. Sustainable performances of small to medium-sized airports in the adriatic region. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13156.
  24. Fathurahman, H.; Berawi, M.A.; Sulistyarini, I.; Kusuma, A.; Nasution, Y. Post COVID-19 Recovery Models and Strategies for Aviation in Indonesia. Int. J. Technol. 2020, 11, 1265–1274.
  25. Mahtani, U.S.; Garg, C.P. An analysis of key factors of financial distress in airline companies in India using fuzzy AHP framework. Transp. Res. Part A 2018, 117, 87–102.
  26. Bal, H.T.; Kucuk Yllmaz, A. Values that form the business: Evidence from airport operations in Turkey. Aeronaut. J. 2019, 123, 507–522.
  27. Kale, U.; Jankovics, I.; Rohács, D.; Nagy, A. Towards sustainability in air traffic management. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5451.
  28. Holder, S. Privatisation and competition: The evidence from utility and infrastructure privatisation in the United Kingdom. Privatisation, competition and regulation. In OECD Proceedings; OECD: Paris, France, 2000; pp. 51–81.
  29. Memon, M.A.; Archimede, B. Towards a distributed framework for transportation planning: A food supply chain case study. In Proceedings of the 2013 10th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), Evry, France, 10–12 April 2013; pp. 603–608.
  30. Mbaiwa, J.E. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana. J. Arid Environ. 2003, 54, 447–467.
  31. De Vos, A.; Cumming, G.S.; Moore, C.A.; Maciejewski, K.; Duckworth, G. The relevance of spatial variation in ecotourism attributes for the economic sustainability of protected areas. Ecosphere 2016, 7, e01207.
  32. Kusuluoglu, D.; Aytac, G. Sustainability of Urban Fringes. Case Study of Arnavutkoy, Istanbul. J. Environ. Prot. Ecol. 2014, 15, 779–788.
  33. Giustozzi, F.; Crispino, M.; Flintsch, G. Sustainability Analysis Based on Emissions Saving for Competitive Maintenance and Rehabilitation Practices. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 48, 2827–2838.
  34. David, V.; Davidova, T. Present State Analysis of Extinct Pond Areas as a Basis for Future Use Optimisation. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Athens, Greece, 5–7 September 2013.
  35. Kayapinar Kaya, S.; Erginel, N. Futuristic airport: A sustainable airport design by integrating hesitant fuzzy SWARA and hesitant fuzzy sustainable quality function deployment. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 275, 123880.
  36. Takahashi, K. Improving the productivity and sustainability of port management against high tide and tsunamis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering—OMAE, Glasgow, UK, 9–14 June 2019; Volume 6.
  37. Xu, Q.; Jia, G.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y. Governing Value Creation in a Major Infrastructure Project Client Organization: The Case of Beijing Daxing International Airport. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3001.
  38. Çelik, F.; Görgülü, Ş.T. Examination of Sustainability in Airport Terminal Buildings within the Framework of LEED Certificate. Megaron 2021, 16, 336–349.
  39. Greer, F.; Rakas, J.; Horvath, A. Airports and environmental sustainability: A comprehensive review. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 103007.
  40. Pittenger, D.M. Evaluating sustainability of selected airport pavement treatments with life-cycle cost, raw material consumption, and greenroads standards. Transp. Res. Rec. 2011, 2206, 61–68.
  41. Bijjahalli, S.; Ramasamy, S.; Sabatini, R. A Novel Vehicle-Based GNSS Integrity Augmentation System for Autonomous Airport Surface Operations. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theory Appl. 2017, 87, 379–403.
  42. Turner, M.; Roders, A.P.; Patry, M. Revealing the level of tension between cultural heritage and development in world heritage cities. Probl. Ekorozw. 2012, 7, 23–31.
  43. Merdivenci, F.; Erturgut, R.; Coşkun, A.E. A Software Development Application for Sustainable Airport Performance Analysis. LogForum 2021, 17, 131–145.
  44. Itani, N.; O’Connell, J.F.; Mason, K. Towards realizing best-in-class civil aviation strategy scenarios. Transp. Policy 2015, 43, 42–54.
  45. Hubbard, S.; Baxmeyer, A.; Hubbard, B. Case study of an automated mower to support airport sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8867.
  46. Zanetti, A.; Sabatini, R.; Gardi, A. Introducing green life cycle management in the civil aviation industry: The state-of-the-art and the future. Int. J. Sustain. Aviat. 2016, 2, 348–380.
  47. Zaki, B.M.; Babashamsi, P.; Shahrir, A.H.; Milad, A.; Yusoff NI, M.; Abdullah, N.H.; Hassan, N.A. The impact of economic analysis methods on project decision-making in airport pavement management. J. Teknol. 2021, 83, 11–19.
  48. Sabatini, R. Future aviation research in Australia: Addressing air transport safety, efficiency and environmental sustainability. Int. J. Sustain. Aviat. 2017, 3, 87–99.
  49. Hess-Luettich, E.W.B. Urban Space, City Sign, Urban Planning. Eco Semiotic Approaches to the Analysis of discursive Structures in energetic Urban redevelopment. Z. Fur Semiot. 2013, 35, 497–516.
  50. Wagner, E.L.; Borboroglu, P.G.; Boersma, P.D. The power of penguins: Where tourists travel to see penguins in the wild. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2021, 201, 105429.
  51. Baxter, G.; Srisaeng, P.; Wild, G. Sustainable airport waste management: The case of Kansai international airport. Recycling 2018, 3, 6.
  52. Mirzadeh, S.M.J.; Jin, S.; Parizi, E.; Chaussard, E.; Bürgmann, R.; Delgado Blasco, J.M.; Amani, M.; Bao, H.; Mirzadeh, S.H. Characterization of Irreversible Land Subsidence in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain, Iran From 2003 to 2020 InSAR Time Series. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2021, 126, e2021JB022258.
  53. Setiawan, M.I.; Dhaniarti, I.; Hasyim, C.; Mahendra, W.; Atmaja, T.; Sugeng; Utomo, W.M.; Sukoco, A.; Mudjanarko, S.W.; Suyono, J.; et al. Correlations analysis of airport sustainability and local government budget. Int. J. Integr. Eng. 2018, 10, 71–76.
  54. Bulut, E.; Duru, O.; Huang, S.T. A multidimensional QFD design for the service quality assessment of Kansai International Airport, Japan. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excell. 2018, 29, 202–224.
  55. da Rocha, P.M.; Costa, H.G.; da Silva, G.B. Gaps, Trends and Challenges in Assessing Quality of Service at Airport Terminals: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3796.
  56. Drljača, M.; Štimac, I.; Vidović, A.; Petar, S. Sustainability of the Air Cargo Handling Process in the Context of Safety and Environmental Aspects. J. Adv. Transp. 2020, 2020, 1232846.
  57. Alonso Tabares, D.; Mora-Camino, F.; Drouin, A. A multi-time scale management structure for airport ground handling automation. J. Air Transp. Manag. 2021, 90, 101959.
  58. Uysal, M.P.; Sogut, M.Z. An integrated research for architecture-based energy management in sustainable airports. Energy 2017, 140, 1387–1397.
  59. Florido-Benitez, L. Seville airport: A success of good relationship management and interoperability in the improvement of air connectivity. Tur.-Estud. E Prat. 2020, 9, 1–30.
  60. Chow, W.K. Fire hazards of crowded airport terminals. Int. J. Sustain. Aviat. 2016, 2, 327–337.
  61. Karagkouni, A.; Dimitriou, D. Sustainability Performance Appraisal for Airports Serving Tourist Islands. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13363.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Economics
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Ricardo Jorge Raimundo
,
Maria Emilia Baltazar
,
Sandra P. Cruz
View Times: 315
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 15 Aug 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback