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Xu, R. Opioid Addiction. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4773 (accessed on 27 September 2026).
Xu R. Opioid Addiction. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4773. Accessed September 27, 2026.
Xu, Rita. "Opioid Addiction" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4773 (accessed September 27, 2026).
Xu, R. (2020, December 24). Opioid Addiction. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4773
Xu, Rita. "Opioid Addiction." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
Opioid Addiction
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Opioid addiction is a long-lasting (chronic) disease that can cause major health, social, and economic problems. Opioids are a class of drugs that act in the nervous system to produce feelings of pleasure and pain relief. Some opioids are legally prescribed by healthcare providers to manage severe and chronic pain. Commonly prescribed opioids include oxycodone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, methadone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, codeine, and morphine. Some other opioids, such as heroin, are illegal drugs of abuse.

genetic conditions

References

  1. American Society of Addiction Medicine: Opioid Addiction 2016 Facts and Figures
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prescription Opioid Overdose Data
  3. Crist RC, Berrettini WH. Pharmacogenetics of OPRM1. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2014 Aug;123:25-33. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.018.
  4. Levran O, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ. The genetics of the opioid system and specific drug addictions. Hum Genet. 2012 Jun;131(6):823-42. doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1172-4.
  5. Mistry CJ, Bawor M, Desai D, Marsh DC, Samaan Z. Genetics of OpioidDependence: A Review of the Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence. CurrPsychiatry Rev. 2014 May;10(2):156-167.
  6. Reed B, Butelman ER, Yuferov V, Randesi M, Kreek MJ. Genetics of opiateaddiction. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Nov;16(11):504. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0504-6. Review.
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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