ROR2 Gene

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Karina Chen	+ 473 word(s)	473	2020-12-15 08:07:28

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ror2

receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2

genes

1. Normal Function

The ROR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein whose function is not well understood. The ROR2 protein is part of a family of proteins known as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a role in chemical signaling within cells. RTKs are involved in many cell functions, including cell growth and division (proliferation), the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (differentiation), cell survival, and cell movement (motility).

Researchers believe that the ROR2 protein plays an essential role in development starting before birth. It is involved in chemical signaling pathways called Wnt signaling, which affect many aspects of development. These pathways control the activity of genes needed at specific times, and they regulate the interactions between cells as organs and tissues are forming. In particular, the ROR2 protein appears to be critical for the normal formation of the skeleton, heart, and genitals.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Robinow syndrome

At least 20 mutations in the ROR2 gene have been found to cause the autosomal recessive form of Robinow syndrome, a condition that affects the development of many parts of the body, particularly the bones. Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Some of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the ROR2 protein, while others lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the protein. Because these genetic changes prevent any functional ROR2 protein from being made, they are described as "loss-of-function" mutations. Loss of ROR2 protein function impairs chemical signaling pathways that are important for normal development, particularly the formation of bones in the face, spine, and limbs. These changes lead to the skeletal abnormalities characteristic of Robinow syndrome. A lack of this protein during early development also underlies the other features of Robinow syndrome, including genital abnormalities and heart defects.

2.2. Other disorders

More than 10 mutations in the ROR2 gene have been identified in people with a disorder called brachydactyly type B1. This condition is characterized by abnormally short fingers and toes, particularly the fourth and fifth digits, and malformed or absent fingernails and toenails. (The term "brachydactyly" is from the Greek words for "short digits.") Brachydactyly type B1 has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, which means one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Unlike the mutations that cause Robinow syndrome (described above), the ROR2 gene mutations that cause brachydactyly type B1 are described as "gain-of-function" because they appear to cause the ROR2 protein to be continuously active. It is unclear how the overactive protein disrupts the development of bones in the hands and feet.

3. Other Names for This Gene

BDB1
brachydactyly type B1 gene
neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor-related 2 gene
NTRKR2
receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2
ROR2_HUMAN

References

Afzal AR, Jeffery S. One gene, two phenotypes: ROR2 mutations in autosomalrecessive Robinow syndrome and autosomal dominant brachydactyly type B. HumMutat. 2003 Jul;22(1):1-11.
Afzal AR, Rajab A, Fenske CD, Oldridge M, Elanko N, Ternes-Pereira E, TüysüzB, Murday VA, Patton MA, Wilkie AO, Jeffery S. Recessive Robinow syndrome,allelic to dominant brachydactyly type B, is caused by mutation of ROR2. NatGenet. 2000 Aug;25(4):419-22.
Aglan M, Amr K, Ismail S, Ashour A, Otaify GA, Mehrez MA, Aboul-Ezz EH,El-Ruby M, Mazen I, Abdel-Hamid MS, Temtamy SA. Clinical and molecularcharacterization of seven Egyptian families with autosomal recessive robinowsyndrome: Identification of four novel ROR2 gene mutations. Am J Med Genet A.2015 Dec;167A(12):3054-61. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37287.
Bacino CA. ROR2-Related Robinow Syndrome. 2005 Jul 28 [updated 2019 Sep 12].In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1240/
Oldridge M, Fortuna AM, Maringa M, Propping P, Mansour S, Pollitt C, DeChiara TM, Kimble RB, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Wilkie AO. Dominant mutations inROR2, encoding an orphan receptor tyrosine kinase, cause brachydactyly type B.Nat Genet. 2000 Mar;24(3):275-8.
Schwabe GC, Tinschert S, Buschow C, Meinecke P, Wolff G, Gillessen-Kaesbach G,Oldridge M, Wilkie AO, Kömec R, Mundlos S. Distinct mutations in the receptortyrosine kinase gene ROR2 cause brachydactyly type B. Am J Hum Genet. 2000Oct;67(4):822-31.
Stricker S, Rauschenberger V, Schambony A. ROR-Family Receptor TyrosineKinases. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2017;123:105-142. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.09.003.
van Bokhoven H, Celli J, Kayserili H, van Beusekom E, Balci S, Brussel W,Skovby F, Kerr B, Percin EF, Akarsu N, Brunner HG. Mutation of the gene encoding the ROR2 tyrosine kinase causes autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome. Nat Genet. 2000 Aug;25(4):423-6.

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Karina Chen

View Times: 524

Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm