Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/purine-nucleoside-phosphorylase-deficiency

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is a disorder of the immune system called an immunodeficiency. Immunodeficiencies are conditions in which the immune system is not able to protect the body effectively from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency have low numbers of immune system cells called T cells, which normally recognize and attack foreign invaders to prevent infection. Some affected individuals also have low numbers of other immune system cells called B cells, which normally help fight infections by producing immune proteins called antibodies (or immunoglobulins). These proteins target foreign invaders and mark them for destruction. The most severely affected individuals, who lack T cells and B cells, have a serious condition called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

The shortage of immune system cells in people with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency results in repeated and persistent infections typically beginning in infancy or early childhood. Infections most commonly affect the sinuses and lungs. These infections are often caused by "opportunistic" organisms that ordinarily do not cause illness in people with a normal immune system. The infections can be very serious or life-threatening, and without successful treatment to restore immune function, children with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency usually do not survive past childhood.

Infants with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency typically grow more slowly than healthy babies. About two-thirds of individuals with this condition also have neurological problems, which may include developmental delay, intellectual disability, difficulty with balance and coordination (ataxia), and muscle stiffness (spasticity). People with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency are also at increased risk of developing autoimmune disorders, which occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's tissues and organs.

2. Frequency

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is rare; only about 70 affected individuals have been described in the medical literature. This disorder accounts for approximately 4 percent of all SCID cases.

3. Causes

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is caused by mutations in the PNP gene. The PNP gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called purine nucleoside phosphorylase. This enzyme is found throughout the body but is most active in specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes, which include T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are produced in specialized lymphoid tissues, including the thymus and lymph nodes, and then released into the blood. The thymus is a gland located behind the breastbone; lymph nodes are found throughout the body. Lymphocytes in the blood and in lymphoid tissues are a major component of the immune system.

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase is known as a housekeeping enzyme because it clears away waste molecules that are generated when DNA is broken down. Mutations in the PNP gene reduce or eliminate the activity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The resulting excess of waste molecules and further reactions involving them lead to the buildup of a substance called deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) to levels that can be toxic to cells. Immature T cells in the thymus are particularly vulnerable to a toxic buildup of dGTP, which damages them and triggers their self-destruction (apoptosis). B cells and T cells in other lymphoid tissues can also be damaged. The shortage of T cells and sometimes B cells results in the immune problems characteristic of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Damage to brain cells caused by buildup of dGTP is thought to underlie the neurological problems that occur in some people with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
PNP deficiency

References

Al-Saud B, Alsmadi O, Al-Muhsen S, Al-Ghonaium A, Al-Dhekri H, Arnaout R,Hershfield MS, Al-Mousa H. A novel mutation in purine nucleoside phosphorylase ina child with normal uric acid levels. Clin Biochem. 2009 Nov;42(16-17):1725-7.doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.017.
Aytekin C, Dogu F, Tanir G, Guloglu D, Santisteban I, Hershfield MS,Ikinciogullari A. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency with fatal course intwo sisters. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 Mar;169(3):311-4. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1029-6.
Fekrvand S, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Ghaffari J, Aghamohammadi A. The FirstPurine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency Patient Resembling IgA Deficiency and a Review of the Literature. Immunol Invest. 2019 May;48(4):410-430. doi:10.1080/08820139.2019.1570249.
Grunebaum E, Cohen A, Roifman CM. Recent advances in understanding andmanaging adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiencies.Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Dec;13(6):630-8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000006. Review.
Grunebaum E, Zhang J, Roifman CM. Novel mutations and hot-spots in patientswith purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1411-5. Erratum in: Nucleosides Nucleotides NucleicAcids. 2005;24(4):303.
Nyhan WL. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. 2005Sep-Oct;86(1-2):25-33. Review.
Ozkinay F, Pehlivan S, Onay H, van den Berg P, Vardar F, Koturoglu G, Aksu G, Unal D, Tekgul H, Can S, Ozkinay C. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency ina patient with spastic paraplegia and recurrent infections. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jun;22(6):741-3.
Somech R, Lev A, Grisaru-Soen G, Shiran SI, Simon AJ, Grunebaum E. Purinenucleoside phosphorylase deficiency presenting as severe combined immunedeficiency. Immunol Res. 2013 May;56(1):150-4. doi: 10.1007/s12026-012-8380-9.
Walker PL, Corrigan A, Arenas M, Escuredo E, Fairbanks L, Marinaki A. Purinenucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: a mutation update. Nucleosides NucleotidesNucleic Acids. 2011 Dec;30(12):1243-7. doi: 10.1080/15257770.2011.630852.

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