Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Damiano Patrono
 -- 3110 2023-06-23 14:00:18 |
2 layout
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 3110 2023-06-25 03:36:30 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Patrono, D.; De Stefano, N.; Vissio, E.; Apostu, A.L.; Petronio, N.; Vitelli, G.; Catalano, G.; Rizza, G.; Catalano, S.; Colli, F.; et al. Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45987 (accessed on 14 September 2024).
Patrono D, De Stefano N, Vissio E, Apostu AL, Petronio N, Vitelli G, et al. Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45987. Accessed September 14, 2024.
Patrono, Damiano, Nicola De Stefano, Elena Vissio, Ana Lavinia Apostu, Nicoletta Petronio, Giovanni Vitelli, Giorgia Catalano, Giorgia Rizza, Silvia Catalano, Fabio Colli, et al. "Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45987 (accessed September 14, 2024).
Patrono, D., De Stefano, N., Vissio, E., Apostu, A.L., Petronio, N., Vitelli, G., Catalano, G., Rizza, G., Catalano, S., Colli, F., Chiusa, L., & Romagnoli, R. (2023, June 23). Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45987
Patrono, Damiano, et al. "Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 June, 2023.
Impact of Steatotic Liver Grafts for Transplantation
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jcm12123982

Liver allograft steatosis is a significant risk factor for postoperative graft dysfunction and has been associated with inferior patient and graft survival, particularly in the case of moderate or severe macrovesicular steatosis.

macrovesicular steatosis ischemia-reperfusion injury preservation solution polyethylene glycol ischemic preconditioning

1. Introduction

Since the early days of liver transplantation (LT), liver allograft steatosis has emerged as a major risk factor for graft dysfunction and it has been associated with inferior patient and graft survival [1]. In past years, the histological definition and quantification of steatosis has been widely heterogeneous [2][3][4], which is reflected in the striking variability in the assessment of its impact on LT outcomes [5][6][7][8]. Steatosis has been most frequently distinguished as macrovesicular steatosis (MaS, or large droplet fat) and microvesicular steatosis (small/medium droplet fat). MaS is characterized by the presence of a single large fat vacuole displacing the nucleus towards the periphery of the hepatocytes and distending cell membrane to a larger size compared to surrounding non-steatotic hepatocytes [9], whereas small/medium droplet fat is identified as smaller fat vacuoles not meeting the above definition for MaS.
In LT, the clinical implications of the two types of hepatic steatosis are very different. Although the presence of ≥30% microvesicular steatosis has been associated with an increased risk of postreperfusion syndrome, early allograft dysfunction [10], rejection, and the need for postoperative renal replacement therapy [11][12], use of liver grafts with even significant microvesicular steatosis is generally considered to be safe [9][13]. In contrast, the presence of moderate (30–60%) or severe (≥60%) MaS appears to be more clinically impactful, proportionally to its severity. The utilization of livers with moderate MaS has been associated with an increased rate of early allograft dysfunction, biliary complications, and decreased graft survival, whereas severe MaS has been linked to postoperative poor function, need for renal replacement therapy, and inferior patient and graft survival [5][6]. Consequently, MaS has been included as a negative prognostic factor in models predicting post-LT patient and graft survival [14][15]. The high risk associated with the use of severely steatotic livers is reflected by the very low number of patients in the series reporting their use [7][16][17][18][19], suggesting that, despite some encouraging results that have been reported, these grafts are generally approached with extreme caution and most frequently discarded. Recently, a study based on the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients has shown that moderate (≥31%) liver allograft MaS is associated with 87% to 95% lower odds of graft utilization, while utilization of fatty livers increases the risk of graft failure by 53% [20].
Hepatic steatosis is expected to become more frequent among organ donors, as the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the world adult population has been estimated to be 39% and 13%, respectively [21]. In the United States, projections show that by 2030, 48.9% of adult population will be obese (BMI ≥ 30) and 24.2% will be severely obese (BMI ≥ 35) [22]. Consequently, the global prevalence of non-alcoholic or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, of which hepatic steatosis represents the distinctive feature, has been estimated to be about 25% [23][24].
The increasing incidence of obesity and fatty liver disease has obvious consequences on LT activity, with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) representing the fastest rising indication for LT in many countries [25][26]. Furthermore, between 2002 and 2016, the prevalence of NASH-related HCC and HCC in LT candidates with NASH increased 7.7-fold and 11.8-fold, respectively, in the United States [27].

2. Why Are Steatotic Livers More Susceptible to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury?

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a sterile inflammatory response commonly encountered during major liver surgery, such as liver resection and liver transplantation, when organ blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia. The pathophysiological bases of IRI have been recently reappraised, identifying mitochondria as the primary targets and initiators of IRI cascade [28][29]. Under ischemic conditions, cell metabolism is switched to anaerobic glycolysis while, at the mitochondrial level, the lack of oxygen interrupts the electron transport chain and causes the accumulation of reduced electron carrier molecules (succinate), initiates reverse electron transfer, and leads to the detachment of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I [30]. ATP depletion and lactate accumulation result in electrolyte imbalance and cellular acidosis. When oxygen levels are abruptly restored upon reperfusion, the negative potential across mitochondrial matrix generated during ischemia results in the production of high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [31]. Hepatocellular ROS initiate the sterile immune response by promoting the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor κβ (NF-κβ). HMGB1 and NF-κβ are both central mediators of the reperfusion phase, as their signaling sustains Kupffer cell activation, microcirculation impairment, neutrophil recruitment, and eventually the activation of cell death processes [32][33].
It is well known that steatotic livers are extremely vulnerable to IRI but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Evidence from experimental models suggests that the inflammatory response to IRI is different in steatotic and non-steatotic livers [34][35] and that increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and impaired ATP restoration are major determinants of the increased susceptibility of steatotic livers to IRI [36].
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates proton leakage across the inner membrane. In steatotic livers, UCP-2 expression is increased to reduce oxidative pressure and ROS production, in an attempt to protect the liver from chronic fat accumulation. However, by diminishing ATP synthesis and reducing ATP baseline levels, UCP-2 overexpression compromises hepatocytes capacity to respond to an acute energy demand, similar to how it occurs during IRI, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and membrane potential collapse [37][38].
In lean livers, cell death due to IRI can occur through different pathways, with apoptosis being the most represented [32][34][39]. However, since apoptosis is an energy-dependent process, the chronic ATP depletion observed in fatty livers may lead to the failure to induce apoptosis in favor of necrosis or other forms of programmed cell death [32][34][40]. Indeed, higher levels of RIPK1 and RIPK3, caspase-9, caspase-1, and iron overload have been observed in fatty degenerated hepatocytes exposed to IRI, suggesting an important role of MPT-driven necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, respectively [36]. The considerable overlap and crosstalk between these pathways may have contributed to the confounding and sometimes controversial results reported by the existing studies [40][41][42].
Fat droplet accumulation in hepatocytes can cause partial or complete obstruction of sinusoids, resulting in a reduction in sinusoidal blood flow [43][44]. This might be exacerbated, upon graft reperfusion, by the rupture of hepatocyte membrane and the release of fat droplets in the extracellular space, similarly to what happens in lipopeliosis [45][46]. As a result of chronic hypoxic state, steatotic livers are characterized by an increased expression of endothelin (ET-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). ET-1 and iNOS imbalance aggravates sinusoidal vasoconstriction, worsening microcirculatory damage upon reperfusion [47].
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism, which are stressed in fatty hepatocytes. Moreover, chaperonin downregulation [48] contributes to ER stress supporting the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction cascade that ultimately leads to NF-ĸB, JUN N-terminal kinase, and caspase-12 activation [36].
The aforementioned mechanisms, although still partially undisclosed, represent the basis to develop strategies to reduce IRI in fatty livers.

3. Impact of Different Preservation Solutions

Since the introduction of Collins solution in 1969 [49], organ preservation by static cold storage (SCS) has been one of the key elements allowing the expansion of organ transplantation worldwide [50]. The principle of preservation by SCS is slowing down cellular metabolism with hypothermia while preservation solutions prevent or minimize cellular swelling, interstitial edema, intracellular acidosis, and ROS production, and provide energy substrates [50]. Effective preservation is of utmost importance when dealing with steatotic livers.
First developed in the late 1980s by Belzer and Southard [51], the University of Wisconsin solution (UW) is still considered the gold standard against which other solutions must be compared. UW is a colloid solution with high potassium, low sodium concentration (intracellular solution), and high viscosity due to the presence of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) as an oncotic agent. Histidine–tryptophan–ketoglutarate solution (HTK), which was originally introduced in the 1970s for cardioplegia [52], employs mannitol as an impermeant and does not contain colloids, resulting in decreased viscosity as compared to UW. This solution contains histidine and α-ketoglutarate as energy substrates and buffers, and tryptophan as a membrane stabilizer and antioxidant. Similarly to HTK, Celsior solution (CS) does not contain colloids but it is characterized by high-sodium and low-potassium concentrations (extracellular solution) and was specifically designed to limit calcium overload and ROS production [53]. Institut Georges Lopez-1 solution (IGL-1) is characterized by high-sodium and low-potassium levels (extracellular solution) and by polyethylene glycol (PEG) instead of HES as an oncotic agent, resulting in lower viscosity as compared to UW [54]. UW, HTK, Celsior, and IGL-1 are nowadays the most widely utilized preservation solutions in liver transplantation [50]. In the general population, clinical results with either preservation solution have been shown to be roughly equivalent [55], although large studies based on the European Liver Transplant Registry have shown inferior results with the use of HTK [56][57][58].
In steatotic livers, most studies comparing the efficacy of preservation by different preservation solutions have been conducted in an experimental setting (Table 1).
PEG is a nontoxic, highly soluble neutral polymer capable of preventing edema and cellular membrane destabilization if administered intravenously in a model of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury [59]. The benefits of PEG-containing solutions during cold preservation could be associated with reduced shear stress and improved microcirculation due to reduced viscosity. Indeed, replacing hydroxyethyl starch by PEG results in a much lower viscosity of IGL-1 as compared to UW (1.28 versus 5.7 millipascal-second). Cellular protection is also associated with the reduction of mitochondrial damage by the increased activation of protective cell mechanisms such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) [60], as also recently demonstrated in human hepatocytes exposed to IRI in vitro [61].
In 2006, Ben Mosbah et al. first reported the superiority of IGL-1 in preserving steatotic rat livers [62]. Compared to UW, livers preserved with IGL-1 showed less transaminases release, increased bile production, lower malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative injury) levels, lower glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH, a marker of mitochondrial injury) activity, and reduced vascular resistance. The authors postulated that nitric oxide (NO) was involved in the IGL-1 protection against IRI, as suggested by the overexpression of eNOS in the IGL-1 group and by the suppression of IGL-1 protective effects when a NO-inhibitor was added to the preservation solution. The same group then investigated the mechanistic aspects of IGL-1’s apparent superior preservation of steatotic livers in a series of subsequent experiments. IGL-1 enriched with either insulin-like growth factor-1 or epidermal growth factor further increased eNOS activation and improved protection against IRI [63][64]. High levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) were found in livers preserved with IGL-1, and the overexpression of heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1), one of the HIF-1α downstream genes, supported the cytoprotective role of this signaling pathway [65]. Trimetazidine, an anti-ischemic drug, enhanced HIF-1α and sirtuin 1 induction and reduced HMGB1 levels, thus promoting autophagy to mitigate IRI [66].
In a study comparing IGL-1 and Celsior, Tabka et al. obtained similar results [67]. Rat livers preserved by IGL-1 showed increased eNOS levels and reduced activation of the pro-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Arterial relaxation was found to be highly dependent on NO levels during preservation with IGL-1, corroborating the hypothesis that IGL-1 solution may prevent endothelial dysfunction through eNOS activation. Supplementing IGL-1 with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, resulted in AMPK activation and the downstream expression of eNOS and GSK3β, leading to reduced hepatocellular injury, oxidative stress, and apoptosis [68]. Similarly, carbonic anhydrase II, an enzyme involved in many IRI-related processes, enhanced IGL-1 capacity to induce AMPK and consequently reduce UPR- and MAPK-related events, resulting in superior liver function and histology [69]. Altogether, these results confirmed that IGL-1 benefits in fatty liver preservation are related to AMPK and eNOS activation [70][71].
Subsequent studies [54][72][73], besides confirming the advantages of IGL-1 over UW and HTK, showed that the IGL-1 benefits in the preservation of steatotic livers were linked to proteasome inhibition [73], aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) upregulation [74], and autophagy induction [75].
Based on IGL-1 studies, similar improvements were obtained through activation of the AMPK pathway and eNOS induction during SCS using UW. Supplementing UW with trimetazidine, aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside, carvedilol, or bortezomib during the preservation of steatotic rat livers resulted in lower perfusate transaminases, increased bile production, reduced vascular resistance, and lower MDA and GLDH activity during normothermic reperfusion [76][77][78][79].
Eipel et al. [80] investigated the effects of supplementing HTK with erythropoietin for the preservation of steatotic mice livers. Increased oxygen consumption, better preservation of the endothelium, and a slight reduction in AST levels were observed in the treated group after 2 h or normothermic reperfusion. However, UCP-2 expression was not influenced by erythropoietin supplementation and the signaling pathways explaining better preservation in the treatment group were not completely clarified.
To further reduce ROS production and cell damage, a new IGL solution (IGL-2) was developed with higher PEG (5 versus 1 gr/L) and glutathione concentrations, and the addition of histidine and mannitol instead of raffinose as an impermeant [81]. Importantly, IGL-2 was designed for use during both SCS and machine perfusion, possibly avoiding the need for repeated graft flushing between different phases of organ preservation [82]. In fatty livers, preservation by IGL-2 resulted in reduced mitochondrial injury and oxidative stress, as reflected by increased levels of HO-1, glutathione, ALDH2, and mitochondrial complex I and II, all key actors in the response to IRI [81][82][83]. Interestingly, livers stored with IGL-2 retained the lowest amount of water during preservation, suggesting that PEG could decrease the interstitial formation.
In conclusion, experimental evidence suggests that PEG-containing solutions provide advantages in terms of mitochondrial integrity and protection against oxidative stress and that IGL-1 and IGL-2 seem the most appropriate preservation solutions for SCS of fatty livers. Theoretically, use of IGL-2 would also be associated with the logistical advantages of using the same solution for SCS and machine perfusion. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution due to the lack of experimental models involving transplantation. Furthermore, IGL-2 is still awaiting approval for clinical use and the advantages of PEG-containing solutions should be confirmed in clinical studies.
Table 1. Experimental studies evaluating the impact of different preservation solutions in the preservation of steatotic livers.
Author, Year Intervention Experimental Model Findings
Ben Mosbah et al., 2006 [62] IGL-1
(vs. UW)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance.
Inhibition of NO production suppressed IGL-1 effects.
Ben Mosbah et al., 2007 [76] UW (+trimetazidine +aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside) 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance. Increased AMPK activation.
Inhibition of AMPK suppressed the protective effects.
Ben Mosbah et al., 2010 [77] UW
(+carvedilol)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance; increased ATP. Increased AMPK activation.
Zaouali et al., 2010 [65] IGL-1
(+trimetazidine)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance.
Increased levels of HIF-1α and downstream genes.
Better results and HIF-1α induction after addition of trimetazidine.
Inhibition of NO production suppressed the protective effects.
Zaouali et al., 2010 [64] IGL-1
(+IGF-1)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Compared to IGL-1 alone: increased NO production, lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance, reduced oxidative stress.
Zaouali et al., 2010 [63] IGL-1
(+EGF)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Compared to IGL-1 alone: increased NO production, lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance, reduced oxidative stress; increased ATP.
Eipel et al., 2012 [80] HTK
(+erythropoietin)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in ob/ob mice livers Compared to HTK alone: lower perfusate AST; improved endothelial integrity; higher oxygen consumption.
Bejaoui et al., 2014 [68] IGL-1
(+bortezomib)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Compared to IGL-1 alone: activation of AMPK signaling, lower perfusate transaminase; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance, apoptosis inhibition.
Inhibition of AMPK expression reduced IGL-1 protective effects.
Zaouali et al., 2013 [78] UW
(+bortezomib)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance. Increased AMPK activation.
Bejaoui et al., 2015 [69] IGL-1
(+carbonic anhydrase II)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Compared to IGL-1 alone: activation of AMPK signaling, lower perfusate transaminase; improved bile production; increased ATP; downregulation of MAPK and UPR pathway; apoptosis inhibition.
Bejaoui et al., 2015 [60] PEG preconditioning 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase, and GLDH levels; lower vascular resistance.
Increased AMPK activation.
Tabka et al., 2015 [67] IGL-1
(vs. Celsior)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Sprague-Dawley rats rat livers Increased NO production, lower perfusate transaminase, MDA, and GLDH levels; improved bile production; lower vascular resistance, reduced oxidative stress, downregulation of MAPK pathway.
Zaouali et al., 2017 [66] IGL-1
(+trimetazidine)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Compared to IGL-1 alone: lower perfusate transaminase and GLDH levels; increased levels of sirtuin 1 and reduced levels of HMGB1 and TNFα.
Zaouali et al.,
2017 [73]		 IGL-1
(vs. UW)		 24 h SCS followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase and GLDH levels; increased ATP; reduced levels of HMGB1 and TNFα. Proteasome inhibition.
Panisello-Roselló et al., 2017 [54] IGL-1
(vs. HTK)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase and GLDH levels; increased ATP; reduced levels of HMGB1 and TNFα. Proteasome inhibition. Increased AMPK activation.
Panisello-Roselló et al., 2018 [74] IGL-1
(vs. HTK
vs. UW)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase levels; increased ATP; reduced apoptosis.
ALDH2 upregulation.
Panisello-Roselló et al., 2018 [72] IGL-1
(vs. HTK)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase and GLDH levels; reduced membrane mitochondrial depolarization; reduced apoptosis; reduced levels of HMGB1; increased autophagy.
Lopez et al., 2018 [84] IGL-1
(vs. HTK
vs. IGL-0 *)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase levels, preserved glycocalyx integrity.
Bardallo et al., 2021 [81] IGL-2
(vs. IGL-1,
vs. IGL-0 *)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate transaminase and GLDH levels; increased ATP; increased autophagy; ALDH2 upregulation.
Bardallo et al., 2022 [83] IGL-2
(vs. IGL-1,
vs. IGL-0 *)		 24 h SCS of Zucker rat livers Increased ATP; reduced succinate accumulation; increased complex I and complex II levels: increased HO-1; increase glutathione levels; reduced oxidative stress.
Asong-Fontem et al., 2022 [82] IGL-2
(vs. UW)		 24 h SCS +/− 2 h HOPE followed by 2 h normothermic reperfusion in Zucker rat livers Lower perfusate AST; preserved glycocalyx integrity; reduced levels of HMGB1; increased weight loss (surrogate of edema formation).
* IGL-0 was IGL-1 solution without polyethilen glycol. Abbreviations: ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GLDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; HOPE, hypothermic oxygenated perfusion; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; SCS, static cold storage; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UPR, unfolded protein response.

References

  1. Todo, S.; Demetris, A.J.; Makowka, L.; Teperman, L.; Podesta, L.; Shaver, T.; Tzakis, A.; Starzl, T.E. Primary nonfunction of hepatic allografts with preexisting fatty infiltration. Transplantation 1989, 47, 903–905.
  2. El-Badry, A.M.; Breitenstein, S.; Jochum, W.; Washington, K.; Paradis, V.; Rubbia-Brandt, L.; Puhan, M.A.; Slankamenac, K.; Graf, R.; Clavien, P.A. Assessment of hepatic steatosis by expert pathologists: The end of a gold standard. Ann. Surg. 2009, 250, 691–697.
  3. Hall, A.R.; Dhillon, A.P.; Green, A.C.; Ferrell, L.; Crawford, J.M.; Alves, V.; Balabaud, C.; Bhathal, P.; Bioulac-Sage, P.; Guido, M.; et al. Hepatic steatosis estimated microscopically versus digital image analysis. Liver Int. 2013, 33, 926–935.
  4. Turlin, B.; Ramm, G.A.; Purdie, D.M.; Laine, F.; Perrin, M.; Deugnier, Y.; Macdonald, G.A. Assessment of hepatic steatosis: Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative methods in 108 liver biopsies. Liver Int. 2009, 29, 530–535.
  5. Chu, M.J.; Dare, A.J.; Phillips, A.R.; Bartlett, A.S. Donor Hepatic Steatosis and Outcome After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015, 19, 1713–1724.
  6. Croome, K.P.; Lee, D.D.; Taner, C.B. The “Skinny” on Assessment and Utilization of Steatotic Liver Grafts: A Systematic Review. Liver Transpl. 2019, 25, 488–499.
  7. Wong, T.C.; Fung, J.Y.; Chok, K.S.; Cheung, T.T.; Chan, A.C.; Sharr, W.W.; Dai, W.C.; Chan, S.C.; Lo, C.M. Excellent outcomes of liver transplantation using severely steatotic grafts from brain-dead donors. Liver Transpl. 2016, 22, 226–236.
  8. Tandoi, F.; Salizzoni, M.; Brunati, A.; Lupo, F.; Romagnoli, R. Excellent outcomes of liver transplantation using severely steatotic grafts from brain-dead donors. Liver Transpl. 2016, 22, 377–378.
  9. Neil, D.A.H.; Minervini, M.; Smith, M.L.; Hubscher, S.G.; Brunt, E.M.; Demetris, A.J. Banff consensus recommendations for steatosis assessment in donor livers. Hepatology 2021, 75, 1014–1025.
  10. Olthoff, K.M.; Kulik, L.; Samstein, B.; Kaminski, M.; Abecassis, M.; Emond, J.; Shaked, A.; Christie, J.D. Validation of a current definition of early allograft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients and analysis of risk factors. Liver Transpl. 2010, 16, 943–949.
  11. Choi, W.T.; Jen, K.Y.; Wang, D.; Tavakol, M.; Roberts, J.P.; Gill, R.M. Donor Liver Small Droplet Macrovesicular Steatosis Is Associated With Increased Risk for Recipient Allograft Rejection. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2017, 41, 365–373.
  12. Croome, K.P.; Lee, D.D.; Croome, S.; Nakhleh, R.E.; Abader Sedki Senada, P.; Livingston, D.; Yataco, M.; Taner, C.B. Does Donor Allograft Microsteatosis Matter? Comparison of Outcomes in Liver Transplantation With a Propensity-Matched Cohort. Liver Transpl. 2019, 25, 1533–1540.
  13. Fishbein, T.M.; Fiel, M.I.; Emre, S.; Cubukcu, O.; Guy, S.R.; Schwartz, M.E.; Miller, C.M.; Sheiner, P.A. Use of livers with microvesicular fat safely expands the donor pool. Transplantation 1997, 64, 248–251.
  14. Dutkowski, P.; Schlegel, A.; Slankamenac, K.; Oberkofler, C.E.; Adam, R.; Burroughs, A.K.; Schadde, E.; Mullhaupt, B.; Clavien, P.A. The use of fatty liver grafts in modern allocation systems: Risk assessment by the balance of risk (BAR) score. Ann. Surg. 2012, 256, 861–869.
  15. Steggerda, J.A.; Borja-Cacho, D.; Brennan, T.V.; Todo, T.; Nissen, N.N.; Bloom, M.B.; Klein, A.S.; Kim, I.K. A Clinical Tool to Guide Selection and Utilization of Marginal Donor Livers With Graft Steatosis in Liver Transplantation. Transplant. Direct 2022, 8, e1280.
  16. Briceno, J.; Padillo, J.; Rufian, S.; Solorzano, G.; Pera, C. Assignment of steatotic livers by the Mayo model for end-stage liver disease. Transpl. Int. 2005, 18, 577–583.
  17. de Graaf, E.L.; Kench, J.; Dilworth, P.; Shackel, N.A.; Strasser, S.I.; Joseph, D.; Pleass, H.; Crawford, M.; McCaughan, G.W.; Verran, D.J. Grade of deceased donor liver macrovesicular steatosis impacts graft and recipient outcomes more than the Donor Risk Index. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012, 27, 540–546.
  18. Deroose, J.P.; Kazemier, G.; Zondervan, P.; Ijzermans, J.N.; Metselaar, H.J.; Alwayn, I.P. Hepatic steatosis is not always a contraindication for cadaveric liver transplantation. HPB 2011, 13, 417–425.
  19. McCormack, L.; Petrowsky, H.; Jochum, W.; Mullhaupt, B.; Weber, M.; Clavien, P.A. Use of severely steatotic grafts in liver transplantation: A matched case-control study. Ann. Surg. 2007, 246, 940–948.
  20. Kwong, A.J.; Kim, W.R.; Lake, J.; Stock, P.G.; Wang, C.J.; Wetmore, J.B.; Melcher, M.L.; Wey, A.; Salkowski, N.; Snyder, J.J.; et al. Impact of Donor Liver Macrovesicular Steatosis on Deceased Donor Yield and Posttransplant Outcome. Transplantation 2023, 107, 405–409.
  21. Younossi, Z.M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease—A global public health perspective. J. Hepatol. 2019, 70, 531–544.
  22. Ward, Z.J.; Bleich, S.N.; Cradock, A.L.; Barrett, J.L.; Giles, C.M.; Flax, C.; Long, M.W.; Gortmaker, S.L. Projected U.S. State-Level Prevalence of Adult Obesity and Severe Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 2440–2450.
  23. Younossi, Z.; Tacke, F.; Arrese, M.; Chander Sharma, B.; Mostafa, I.; Bugianesi, E.; Wai-Sun Wong, V.; Yilmaz, Y.; George, J.; Fan, J.; et al. Global Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2019, 69, 2672–2682.
  24. Younossi, Z.M.; Koenig, A.B.; Abdelatif, D.; Fazel, Y.; Henry, L.; Wymer, M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016, 64, 73–84.
  25. Diaz, L.A.; Ayares, G.; Arnold, J.; Idalsoaga, F.; Corsi, O.; Arrese, M.; Arab, J.P. Liver Diseases in Latin America: Current Status, Unmet Needs, and Opportunities for Improvement. Curr. Treat. Optios Gastroenterol. 2022, 20, 261–278.
  26. Yuan, L.; Hanlon, C.L.; Terrault, N.; Alqahtani, S.; Tamim, H.; Lai, M.; Saberi, B. Portrait of Regional Trends in Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2022, 117, 433–444.
  27. Younossi, Z.; Stepanova, M.; Ong, J.P.; Jacobson, I.M.; Bugianesi, E.; Duseja, A.; Eguchi, Y.; Wong, V.W.; Negro, F.; Yilmaz, Y.; et al. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Is the Fastest Growing Cause of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Transplant Candidates. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 17, 748–755.e743.
  28. Chouchani, E.T.; Pell, V.R.; Gaude, E.; Aksentijevic, D.; Sundier, S.Y.; Robb, E.L.; Logan, A.; Nadtochiy, S.M.; Ord, E.N.J.; Smith, A.C.; et al. Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS. Nature 2014, 515, 431–435.
  29. Chouchani, E.T.; Pell, V.R.; James, A.M.; Work, L.M.; Saeb-Parsy, K.; Frezza, C.; Krieg, T.; Murphy, M.P. A Unifying Mechanism for Mitochondrial Superoxide Production during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Metab. 2016, 23, 254–263.
  30. Galkin, A. Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Mitochondrial Complex I Damage. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 2019, 84, 1411–1423.
  31. Teodoro, J.S.; Da Silva, R.T.; Machado, I.F.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Rolo, A.P.; Palmeira, C.M. Shaping of Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Events: The Crucial Role of Mitochondria. Cells 2022, 11, 688.
  32. Jimenez-Castro, M.B.; Cornide-Petronio, M.E.; Gracia-Sancho, J.; Peralta, C. Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2019, 8, 1131.
  33. Tsung, A.; Sahai, R.; Tanaka, H.; Nakao, A.; Fink, M.P.; Lotze, M.T.; Yang, H.; Li, J.; Tracey, K.J.; Geller, D.A.; et al. The nuclear factor HMGB1 mediates hepatic injury after murine liver ischemia-reperfusion. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 201, 1135–1143.
  34. Selzner, M.; Rudiger, H.A.; Sindram, D.; Madden, J.; Clavien, P.A. Mechanisms of ischemic injury are different in the steatotic and normal rat liver. Hepatology 2000, 32, 1280–1288.
  35. Taneja, C.; Prescott, L.; Koneru, B. Critical preservation injury in rat fatty liver is to hepatocytes, not sinusoidal lining cells. Transplantation 1998, 65, 167–172.
  36. Neri, A.A.; Dontas, I.A.; Iliopoulos, D.C.; Karatzas, T. Pathophysiological Changes During Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rodent Hepatic Steatosis. In Vivo 2020, 34, 953–964.
  37. Kim, J.S.; Qian, T.; Lemasters, J.J. Mitochondrial permeability transition in the switch from necrotic to apoptotic cell death in ischemic rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2003, 124, 494–503.
  38. Serviddio, G.; Bellanti, F.; Tamborra, R.; Rollo, T.; Capitanio, N.; Romano, A.D.; Sastre, J.; Vendemiale, G.; Altomare, E. Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) induces mitochondrial proton leak and increases susceptibility of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) liver to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Gut 2008, 57, 957–965.
  39. Capelletti, M.M.; Manceau, H.; Puy, H.; Peoc’h, K. Ferroptosis in Liver Diseases: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4908.
  40. Shojaie, L.; Iorga, A.; Dara, L. Cell Death in Liver Diseases: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9682.
  41. Gautheron, J.; Vucur, M.; Reisinger, F.; Cardenas, D.V.; Roderburg, C.; Koppe, C.; Kreggenwinkel, K.; Schneider, A.T.; Bartneck, M.; Neumann, U.P.; et al. A positive feedback loop between RIP3 and JNK controls non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EMBO Mol. Med. 2014, 6, 1062–1074.
  42. Kolachala, V.L.; Lopez, C.; Shen, M.; Shayakhmetov, D.; Gupta, N.A. Ischemia reperfusion injury induces pyroptosis and mediates injury in steatotic liver thorough Caspase 1 activation. Apoptosis 2021, 26, 361–370.
  43. Ijaz, S.; Yang, W.; Winslet, M.C.; Seifalian, A.M. Impairment of hepatic microcirculation in fatty liver. Microcirculation 2003, 10, 447–456.
  44. Seifalian, A.M.; Chidambaram, V.; Rolles, K.; Davidson, B.R. In vivo demonstration of impaired microcirculation in steatotic human liver grafts. Liver Transpl. Surg. 1998, 4, 71–77.
  45. Bioulac-Sage, P.; Balabaud, C.; Ferrell, L. Lipopeliosis revisited: Should we keep the term? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2002, 26, 134–135.
  46. Ferrell, L.; Bass, N.; Roberts, J.; Ascher, N. Lipopeliosis: Fat induced sinusoidal dilatation in transplanted liver mimicking peliosis hepatis. J. Clin. Pathol. 1992, 45, 1109–1110.
  47. Koeppel, T.A.; Mihaljevic, N.; Kraenzlin, B.; Loehr, M.; Jesenofsky, R.; Post, S.; Palma, P. Enhanced iNOS gene expression in the steatotic rat liver after normothermic ischemia. Eur. Surg. Res. 2007, 39, 303–311.
  48. Tiriveedhi, V.; Conzen, K.D.; Liaw-Conlin, J.; Upadhya, G.; Malone, J.; Townsend, R.R.; Kerns, R.; Jia, J.; Csontos, K.; Ramachandran, S.; et al. The role of molecular chaperonins in warm ischemia and reperfusion injury in the steatotic liver: A proteomic study. BMC Biochem. 2012, 13, 17.
  49. Petrenko, A.; Carnevale, M.; Somov, A.; Osorio, J.; Rodriguez, J.; Guibert, E.; Fuller, B.; Froghi, F. Organ Preservation into the 2020s: The Era of Dynamic Intervention. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 2019, 46, 151–172.
  50. Ramos, P.; Williams, P.; Salinas, J.; Vengohechea, J.; Lodge, J.P.A.; Fondevila, C.; Hessheimer, A.J. Abdominal Organ Preservation Solutions in the Age of Machine Perfusion. Transplantation 2023, 107, 326–340.
  51. Belzer, F.O.; Southard, J.H. Principles of solid-organ preservation by cold storage. Transplantation 1988, 45, 673–676.
  52. Bretschneider, H.J.; Hubner, G.; Knoll, D.; Lohr, B.; Nordbeck, H.; Spieckermann, P.G. Myocardial resistance and tolerance to ischemia: Physiological and biochemical basis. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1975, 16, 241–260.
  53. Menasche, P.; Termignon, J.L.; Pradier, F.; Grousset, C.; Mouas, C.; Alberici, G.; Weiss, M.; Piwnica, A.; Bloch, G. Experimental evaluation of Celsior, a new heart preservation solution. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1994, 8, 207–213.
  54. Panisello-Rosello, A.; Verde, E.; Amine Zaouali, M.; Flores, M.; Alva, N.; Lopez, A.; Folch-Puy, E.; Carbonell, T.; Hotter, G.; Adam, R.; et al. The Relevance of the UPS in Fatty Liver Graft Preservation: A New Approach for IGL-1 and HTK Solutions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2287.
  55. Szilagyi, A.L.; Matrai, P.; Hegyi, P.; Tuboly, E.; Pecz, D.; Garami, A.; Solymar, M.; Petervari, E.; Balasko, M.; Veres, G.; et al. Compared efficacy of preservation solutions on the outcome of liver transplantation: Meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2018, 24, 1812–1824.
  56. Adam, R.; Cailliez, V.; Karam, V. Evaluation of HTK Preservation Solutions in Liver Transplantation: A Long-Term Propensity-Based Analysis of Outcome From the European Liver Transplant Registry. Am. J. Transplant. 2017, 17, 585–586.
  57. Adam, R.; Delvart, V.; Karam, V.; Ducerf, C.; Navarro, F.; Letoublon, C.; Belghiti, J.; Pezet, D.; Castaing, D.; Le Treut, Y.P.; et al. Compared efficacy of preservation solutions in liver transplantation: A long-term graft outcome study from the European Liver Transplant Registry. Am. J. Transplant. 2015, 15, 395–406.
  58. de Boer, J.D.; Strelniece, A.; van Rosmalen, M.; de Vries, E.; Ysebaert, D.; Guba, M.; Braat, A.E.; Samuel, U. The Effect of Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate Solution and University of Wisconsin Solution: An Analysis of the Eurotransplant Registry. Transplantation 2018, 102, 1870–1877.
  59. Bejaoui, M.; Pantazi, E.; Calvo, M.; Folch-Puy, E.; Serafin, A.; Pasut, G.; Panisello, A.; Adam, R.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Polyethylene Glycol Preconditioning: An Effective Strategy to Prevent Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 9096549.
  60. Bejaoui, M.; Pantazi, E.; Folch-Puy, E.; Panisello, A.; Calvo, M.; Pasut, G.; Rimola, A.; Navasa, M.; Adam, R.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Protective Effect of Intravenous High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Glycol on Fatty Liver Preservation. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 794287.
  61. Teixeira da Silva, R.; Machado, I.F.; Teodoro, J.S.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Rolo, A.P.; Palmeira, C.M. PEG35 as a Preconditioning Agent against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1156.
  62. Ben Mosbah, I.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Franco-Gou, R.; Abdennebi, H.B.; Saidane, D.; Ramella-Virieux, S.; Boillot, O.; Peralta, C. Preservation of steatotic livers in IGL-1 solution. Liver Transpl. 2006, 12, 1215–1223.
  63. Zaouali, M.A.; Ben Mosbah, I.; Padrissa-Altes, S.; Calvo, M.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Saidane-Mosbahi, D.; Bjaoui, M.; Garcia-Gil, F.A.; Panisello, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Relevance of epidermal growth factor to improve steatotic liver preservation in IGL-1 solution. Transplant. Proc. 2010, 42, 3070–3075.
  64. Zaouali, M.A.; Padrissa-Altes, S.; Ben Mosbah, I.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Boillot, O.; Rimola, A.; Saidane-Mosbahi, D.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Insulin like growth factor-1 increases fatty liver preservation in IGL-1 solution. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16, 5693–5700.
  65. Zaouali, M.A.; Ben Mosbah, I.; Boncompagni, E.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Mitjavila, M.T.; Bartrons, R.; Freitas, I.; Rimola, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha accumulation in steatotic liver preservation: Role of nitric oxide. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16, 3499–3509.
  66. Zaouali, M.A.; Panisello, A.; Lopez, A.; Folch, E.; Castro-Benitez, C.; Adam, R.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Cross-Talk Between Sirtuin 1 and High-Mobility Box 1 in Steatotic Liver Graft Preservation. Transplant. Proc. 2017, 49, 765–769.
  67. Tabka, D.; Bejaoui, M.; Javellaud, J.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Achard, J.M.; Abdennebi, H.B. Effects of Institut Georges Lopez-1 and Celsior preservation solutions on liver graft injury. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 4159–4168.
  68. Bejaoui, M.; Zaouali, M.A.; Folch-Puy, E.; Pantazi, E.; Bardag-Gorce, F.; Carbonell, T.; Oliva, J.; Rimola, A.; Abdennebi, H.B.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Bortezomib enhances fatty liver preservation in Institut George Lopez-1 solution through adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase and Akt/mTOR pathways. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2014, 66, 62–72.
  69. Bejaoui, M.; Pantazi, E.; De Luca, V.; Panisello, A.; Folch-Puy, E.; Hotter, G.; Capasso, C.; Supuran, C.T.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Carbonic Anhydrase Protects Fatty Liver Grafts against Ischemic Reperfusion Damage. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0134499.
  70. Carrasco-Chaumel, E.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Bartrons, R.; Franco-Gou, R.; Xaus, C.; Casillas, A.; Gelpi, E.; Rodes, J.; Peralta, C. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and nitric oxide in rat steatotic liver transplantation. J. Hepatol. 2005, 43, 997–1006.
  71. Zaouali, M.A.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Padrissa-Altes, S.; Alfany-Fernandez, I.; Rimola, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J. How Institut Georges Lopez preservation solution protects nonsteatotic and steatotic livers against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant. Proc. 2011, 43, 77–79.
  72. Panisello-Rosello, A.; Verde, E.; Lopez, A.; Flores, M.; Folch-Puy, E.; Rolo, A.; Palmeira, C.; Hotter, G.; Carbonell, T.; Adam, R.; et al. Cytoprotective Mechanisms in Fatty Liver Preservation against Cold Ischemia Injury: A Comparison between IGL-1 and HTK. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 348.
  73. Zaouali, M.A.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Lopez, A.; Castro Benitez, C.; Folch-Puy, E.; Garcia-Gil, A.; Carbonell, T.; Adam, R.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Relevance of proteolysis and proteasome activation in fatty liver graft preservation: An Institut Georges Lopez-1 vs. University of Wisconsin appraisal. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017, 23, 4211–4221.
  74. Panisello-Rosello, A.; Alva, N.; Flores, M.; Lopez, A.; Castro Benitez, C.; Folch-Puy, E.; Rolo, A.; Palmeira, C.; Adam, R.; Carbonell, T.; et al. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in Rat Fatty Liver Cold Ischemia Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2479.
  75. Panisello-Rosello, A.; Lopez, A.; Folch-Puy, E.; Carbonell, T.; Rolo, A.; Palmeira, C.; Adam, R.; Net, M.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in ischemia reperfusion injury: An update. World J. Gastroenterol. 2018, 24, 2984–2994.
  76. Ben Mosbah, I.; Massip-Salcedo, M.; Fernandez-Monteiro, I.; Xaus, C.; Bartrons, R.; Boillot, O.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Peralta, C. Addition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activators to University of Wisconsin solution: A way of protecting rat steatotic livers. Liver Transpl. 2007, 13, 410–425.
  77. Ben Mosbah, I.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Alfany-Fernandez, I.; Rimola, A.; Parellada, P.P.; Mitjavila, M.T.; Lojek, A.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Boillot, O.; Rodes, J.; et al. Addition of carvedilol to University Wisconsin solution improves rat steatotic and nonsteatotic liver preservation. Liver Transpl. 2010, 16, 163–171.
  78. Zaouali, M.A.; Bardag-Gorce, F.; Carbonell, T.; Oliva, J.; Pantazi, E.; Bejaoui, M.; Ben Abdennebi, H.; Rimola, A.; Rosello-Catafau, J. Proteasome inhibitors protect the steatotic and non-steatotic liver graft against cold ischemia reperfusion injury. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2013, 94, 352–359.
  79. Zaouali, M.A.; Boncompagni, E.; Reiter, R.J.; Bejaoui, M.; Freitas, I.; Pantazi, E.; Folch-Puy, E.; Abdennebi, H.B.; Garcia-Gil, F.A.; Rosello-Catafau, J. AMPK involvement in endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy modulation after fatty liver graft preservation: A role for melatonin and trimetazidine cocktail. J. Pineal Res. 2013, 55, 65–78.
  80. Eipel, C.; Hubschmann, U.; Abshagen, K.; Wagner, K.F.; Menger, M.D.; Vollmar, B. Erythropoietin as additive of HTK preservation solution in cold ischemia/reperfusion injury of steatotic livers. J. Surg. Res. 2012, 173, 171–179.
  81. Bardallo, R.G.; da Silva, R.T.; Carbonell, T.; Folch-Puy, E.; Palmeira, C.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Pirenne, J.; Adam, R.; Panisello-Rosello, A. Role of PEG35, Mitochondrial ALDH2, and Glutathione in Cold Fatty Liver Graft Preservation: An IGL-2 Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5332.
  82. Asong-Fontem, N.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Sebagh, M.; Gonin, M.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Adam, R. The Role of IGL-2 Preservation Solution on Rat Livers during SCS and HOPE. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2615.
  83. Bardallo, R.G.; Company-Marin, I.; Folch-Puy, E.; Rosello-Catafau, J.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Carbonell, T. PEG35 and Glutathione Improve Mitochondrial Function and Reduce Oxidative Stress in Cold Fatty Liver Graft Preservation. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 158.
  84. Lopez, A.; Panisello-Rosello, A.; Castro-Benitez, C.; Adam, R. Glycocalyx Preservation and NO Production in Fatty Livers-The Protective Role of High Molecular Polyethylene Glycol in Cold Ischemia Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2375.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Damiano Patrono
,
Nicola De Stefano
,
Elena Vissio
,
Ana Lavinia Apostu
,
Nicoletta Petronio
,
Giovanni Vitelli
,
Giorgia Catalano
,
Giorgia Rizza
,
Silvia Catalano
,
Fabio Colli
,
Luigi Chiusa
,
Renato Romagnoli
View Times: 313
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 25 Jun 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback