PSAP Gene

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/psap

prosaposin

genes

1. Normal Function

The PSAP gene provides instructions for making a protein called prosaposin. This protein is involved in a number of biological functions, including the development of the nervous system and the reproductive system. Prosaposin is the precursor of four smaller proteins called saposin A, B, C, and D, which are produced when prosaposin is broken up (cleaved).

The individual saposins are found in cellular structures called lysosomes, which are the cell's recycling centers. The saposins help lysosomal enzymes break down fatty substances called sphingolipids.

The saposin B protein works with several enzymes to break down sphingolipids. Its most critical biological role seems to be associated with the enzyme arylsulfatase A. This enzyme is involved in breaking down a subgroup of sphingolipids called sulfatides, especially in the nervous system's white matter, which consists of nerve fibers covered by myelin. Myelin is a substance that insulates and protects nerves. Saposin B may also play a role in transporting lipids to the outer surface of the cell so they can be recognized by the immune system.

The saposin C protein works with the enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase to break down another sphingolipid called glucocerebroside. Saposins A and D are also involved in processing sphingolipids.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Metachromatic leukodystrophy

In a small number of individuals with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder that causes deterioration of nervous system functions, researchers have identified PSAP gene mutations that result in a shortage (deficiency) of the saposin B protein. This deficiency interferes with the breakdown of sulfatides. As a result, these substances can accumulate to toxic levels in the nervous system.

The buildup of sulfatides gradually destroys myelin, the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Destruction of myelin leads to a loss of white matter (leukodystrophy) and impairment of nervous system function, resulting in the signs and symptoms of metachromatic leukodystrophy.

2.2. Other disorders

In a few individuals, mutations in the PSAP gene interfere with the function of the saposin C protein, resulting in a disorder that resembles a severe form of Gaucher disease. Signs and symptoms of this condition include neurological problems and abnormal enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Without adequate saposin C activator protein, the glucocerebrosidase enzyme cannot break down glucocerebroside effectively. As a result, glucocerebroside accumulates in the body's tissues as it does in the classic form of Gaucher disease. A few PSAP gene mutations have also been identified in individuals with signs and symptoms resembling another leukodystrophy called Krabbe disease.

In addition, a few mutations in the PSAP gene have been identified that prevent the production of more than one of the saposin proteins. Individuals with these mutations have massive accumulation of sphingolipids in their nervous system and other organs. This accumulation results in very severe neurological disease, respiratory problems, and hepatosplenomegaly.

3. Other Names for This Gene

Prosaposin (sphingolipid activator protein-1)
prosaposin (variant Gaucher disease and variant metachromatic leukodystrophy)
prosaptides
SAP1
SAP2 (sphingolipid activator protein-2)
SAP_HUMAN
SGP-1 (sulfoglycoprotein-1)

References

Al-Hassnan ZN, Al Dhalaan H, Patay Z, Faqeih E, Al-Owain M, Al-Duraihem A,Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M. Sphingolipid activator protein B deficiency: report of 9 Saudipatients and review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 2009 Dec;24(12):1513-9.doi: 10.1177/0883073809341269. Review.
Basic Neurochemistry (sixth edition, 1999): Lysosomal Disease
Deconinck N, Messaaoui A, Ziereisen F, Kadhim H, Sznajer Y, Pelc K, NassogneMC, Vanier MT, Dan B. Metachromatic leukodystrophy without arylsulfatase Adeficiency: a new case of saposin-B deficiency. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008Jan;12(1):46-50.
Diaz-Font A, Cormand B, Santamaria R, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Chabás A. Amutation within the saposin D domain in a Gaucher disease patient with normalglucocerebrosidase activity. Hum Genet. 2005 Jul;117(2-3):275-7.
Essentials of Glycobiology (first edition, 1999): Glycosphingolipid Degradation
Grossi S, Regis S, Rosano C, Corsolini F, Uziel G, Sessa M, Di Rocco M,Parenti G, Deodato F, Leuzzi V, Biancheri R, Filocamo M. Molecular analysis ofARSA and PSAP genes in twenty-one Italian patients with metachromaticleukodystrophy: identification and functional characterization of 11 novel ARSAalleles. Hum Mutat. 2008 Nov;29(11):E220-30. doi: 10.1002/humu.20851.
Szymańska K, Ługowska A, Laure-Kamionowska M, Bekiesińska-Figatowska M,Gieruszczak-Białek D, Musielak M, Eichler S, Giese AK, Rolfs A. Diagnosticdifficulties in Krabbe disease: a report of two cases and review of literature.Folia Neuropathol. 2012;50(4):346-56. Review.
Tamargo RJ, Velayati A, Goldin E, Sidransky E. The role of saposin C inGaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab. 2012 Jul;106(3):257-63. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.024.

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Karina Chen

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

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