KRT5 Gene

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1		Dean Liu	+ 607 word(s)	607	2020-12-15 07:58:51

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/krt5

Keratin 5

genes

1. Introduction

The KRT5 gene provides instructions for making a protein called keratin 5. Keratins are a group of tough, fibrous proteins that form the structural framework of certain cells, particularly cells that make up the skin, hair, and nails. Keratin 5 is produced in cells called keratinocytes in the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis).

Keratin 5 partners with a similar protein, keratin 14 (produced from the KRT14 gene), to form molecules called keratin intermediate filaments. These filaments assemble into strong networks that help attach keratinocytes together and anchor the epidermis to underlying layers of skin. The network of keratin intermediate filaments provides strength and resiliency to the skin and protects it from being damaged by friction and other everyday physical stresses.

Researchers believe that keratin 5 interacts with pigment-producing cells called melanocytes to transport melanosomes, which are cellular structures within melanocytes that carry pigment called melanin. The transport of these structures from melanocytes to keratinocytes is important for the development of normal skin coloration (pigmentation).

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Dowling-Degos Disease

At least five mutations in the KRT5 gene have been found to cause Dowling-Degos disease. This condition results in various skin abnormalities, including a characteristic lacy pattern of abnormally dark skin coloring (hyperpigmentation) that occurs mostly in the body's folds and creases. Most KRT5 gene mutations that cause Dowling-Degos disease lead to the production of a keratin 5 protein that is abnormally small and nonfunctional or prevent any protein from being produced from the gene. A shortage (deficiency) of functional keratin 5 impairs the formation of keratin intermediate filaments. As a result, the organization of the epidermis is altered, leading to the development of different types of skin abnormalities. Additionally, a deficiency of keratin 5 may disrupt the movement of pigment-carrying melanosomes into keratinocytes, where they are needed for the development of normal skin pigmentation. This disruption of melanosome transport is thought to cause the pigmentation abnormalities seen in individuals with Dowling-Degos disease.

2.2. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

More than 130 mutations in the KRT5 gene have been identified in people with epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a condition that causes the skin to be very fragile and to blister easily. Most of these mutations alter single protein building blocks (amino acids) used to make keratin 5. The most severe form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex, the Dowling-Meara type, usually results from changes in regions of keratin 5 that are essential for the normal assembly of keratin intermediate filaments. Milder forms of the disorder, including the localized type (formerly called the Weber-Cockayne type) and a form known as the other generalized type (formerly called the Koebner type), are often caused by changes affecting less critical regions of the protein. Another form of the disorder called epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation typically results from a particular KRT5 mutation. This mutation replaces the amino acid proline with the amino acid leucine at protein position 25 (written as Pro25Leu or P25L).

The KRT5 gene mutations responsible for epidermolysis bullosa simplex change the structure and function of keratin 5, preventing it from partnering effectively with keratin 14 and interfering with the assembly of the keratin intermediate filament network. Mutations that cause severe forms of the disorder badly disrupt the assembly of keratin intermediate filaments, while mutations that result in milder forms impair keratin filament assembly to a lesser degree. A disruption in this network makes keratinocytes fragile and prone to rupture. Minor trauma to the skin, such as rubbing or scratching, can cause these cells to break down, resulting in the formation of painful, fluid-filled blisters.

3. Other Names for This Gene

58 kda cytokeratin
CK5
cytokeratin 5
EBS2
K2C5_HUMAN
K5
keratin 5, type II
keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5
Keratin-5
KRT5A

References

Arin MJ, Grimberg G, Schumann H, De Almeida H Jr, Chang YR, Tadini G, KohlhaseJ, Krieg T, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. Identification of novel and known KRT5and KRT14 mutations in 53 patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex:correlation between genotype and phenotype. Br J Dermatol. 2010Jun;162(6):1365-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09657.x.
Betz RC, Planko L, Eigelshoven S, Hanneken S, Pasternack SM, Bussow H, Van DenBogaert K, Wenzel J, Braun-Falco M, Rutten A, Rogers MA, Ruzicka T, Nöthen MM,Magin TM, Kruse R. Loss-of-function mutations in the keratin 5 gene lead toDowling-Degos disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Mar;78(3):510-9.
Bolling MC, Lemmink HH, Jansen GH, Jonkman MF. Mutations in KRT5 and KRT14cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex in 75% of the patients. Br J Dermatol. 2011Mar;164(3):637-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10146.x.
Hanneken S, Rütten A, Pasternack SM, Eigelshoven S, El Shabrawi-Caelen L,Wenzel J, Braun-Falco M, Ruzicka T, Nöthen MM, Kruse R, Betz RC. Systematicmutation screening of KRT5 supports the hypothesis that Galli-Galli disease is a variant of Dowling-Degos disease. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Jul;163(1):197-200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09741.x.
Li M, Wang J, Zhang J, Ni C, Li X, Liang J, Cheng R, Li Z, Yao Z. Genome-wide linkage and exome sequencing analyses identify an initiation codon mutation ofKRT5 in a unique Chinese family with generalized Dowling-Degos disease. Br JDermatol. 2016 Mar;174(3):663-6. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14178.
Müller FB, Küster W, Wodecki K, Almeida H Jr, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Krieg T,Korge BP, Arin MJ. Novel and recurrent mutations in keratin KRT5 and KRT14 genes in epidermolysis bullosa simplex: implications for disease phenotype and keratin filament assembly. Hum Mutat. 2006 Jul;27(7):719-20.
Pfendner EG, Bruckner AL. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. 1998 Oct 7 [updated2016 Oct 13]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University ofWashington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1369/
Pfendner EG, Sadowski SG, Uitto J. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex: recurrentand de novo mutations in the KRT5 and KRT14 genes, phenotype/genotypecorrelations, and implications for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. JInvest Dermatol. 2005 Aug;125(2):239-43.
Planko L, Böhse K, Höhfeld J, Betz RC, Hanneken S, Eigelshoven S, Kruse R,Nöthen MM, Magin TM. Identification of a keratin-associated protein with aputative role in vesicle transport. Eur J Cell Biol. 2007 Dec;86(11-12):827-39.
Schuilenga-Hut PH, Vlies Pv, Jonkman MF, Waanders E, Buys CH, Scheffer H.Mutation analysis of the entire keratin 5 and 14 genes in patients withepidermolysis bullosa simplex and identification of novel mutations. Hum Mutat.2003 Apr;21(4):447. Review.
Verma S, Pasternack SM, Rütten A, Ruzicka T, Betz RC, Hanneken S. The FirstReport of KRT5 Mutation Underlying Acantholytic Dowling-Degos Disease withMottled Hypopigmentation in an Indian Family. Indian J Dermatol. 2014Sep;59(5):476-80. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.139884.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Dean Liu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

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