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Mycotoxins pose significant risks to humans and livestock. In addition, contaminated food- and feedstuffs can only be discarded, leading to increased economic losses and potential ecological pollution. Mycotoxin removal and real-time toxin level monitoring are effective approaches to solve this problem.Small peptides derived from phage display peptide libraries, combinatorial peptide libraries, and rational design approaches can act as coating antigens, competitive antigens, and anti-immune complexes in immunoassays for the detection of mycotoxins. Furthermore, as a potential approach to mycotoxin degradation, small peptides can mimic the natural enzyme catalytic site to construct artificial enzymes containing oxidoreductases, hydrolase, and lyase activities. In summary, with the advantages of mature synthesis protocols, diverse structures, and excellent biocompatibility, also sharing their chemical structure with natural proteins, small peptides are widely used for mycotoxin detection and artificial enzyme construction, which have promising applications in mycotoxin degradation.
Peptide Sequence | Peptide Screening Approach | Detection Principle | Peptide Function | Analyte | IC50/SC50 | Detection Limit | Linear Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VYMNRKYYKCCK | Rational design | Peptide-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | Coating antigen | OTA | 3.2 μg/L | 1.25 μg/L | 1.25–10 μg/L | [4] |
IRPMVDP | M13 Ph.D.-7 | ELISA | Competing antigen | OTA | - | 150 pg/mL | 200–8000 pg/mL | [5] |
AETYGFQLHAMK | M13 Ph.D.-12 | Phage Chemiluminescent ELISA | Competing antigen | OTA | 0.04 ng/mL | 0.005 ng/mL | 0.006–0.245 ng/mL | [6] |
AEDRPFQLHLPV | M13 Ph.D.-12 | CLEIA | Coating antigen | OTA | 0.82 ng/mL | - | 0.31–2.17 ng/mL | [7] |
AEDRPFQLHLPV | M13 Ph.D.-12 | Dot immunoassay | Coating antigen | OTA | - | 5.0 ng/mL | - | [7] |
Biotin-KSGGGSNLHPK | Rational design | Dot-blot assay | Recognition element | OTA | - | 0.49 μg/kg | - | [8] |
GMVQTIFGGGSK-Biotin | M13 Ph.D.-7 | Phage-free peptide ELISA | Competing antigen | OTA | 0.024 ng/mL | 0.001 ng/mL | 0.005–0.2 ng/mL | [9] |
DLLWVPST | Phage display random linear 8-mer peptide library | Nc-MCLEIA | Anti-immune complex peptide | AFB1 | 0.089 ng/mL | 0.006 ng/mL | 0.019–0.407 ng/mL | [10] |
YSWHEWYIPQLS | M13 Ph.D.-12 | MB-dcELISA | Competing antigen | AFB1 | 0.75 ng/mL | 0.13 ng/mL | 0.24–2.21 ng/mL | [11] |
CVPSKPGLC | M13 Ph.D.-C7C | Bp-ELISA | Competing antigen | AFB1 | 0.92 ng/mL | 0.09 ng/mL | 0.23–3.36 ng/mL | [12] |
CNVLPFDSIFRF | Rational design | Electrochemical immunosensor | Recognition element | AFB1 | - | 9.4 × 10−4 mg/L | 0.01–20 μg/L | [13] |
ACPYPNHPYC | M13 Ph.D.-12 | Electrochemical immunosensor | Competing antigen | DON | 58.26 ng/mL | 0.07 g/mL | 0.1–10,000 pg/mL | [14] |
AIRMIRIRTS | M13 Ph.D.-12 | D8-MBP ELISA | Coating antigen | DON | 57.98 ng/mL | 9.83 ng/mL | 11.32–286.77 ng/mL | [15] |
ESYWATVPWTRH | M13 Ph.D.-12 | Phage-based dot-immunoassay | Coating antigen | ZEN | 1.8 ng/mL | 50 mg/kg | - | [16] |
DAVILLM | M13 Ph.D.-7 | ELISA | Competing antigen | ZEN | - | 100 pg/mL | 100–10,000 pg/mL | [17] |
DAVILLM | M13 Ph.D.-7 | PEC-ELISA | Competing antigen | ZEN | - | 10−6 ng/mL | 10−6–1 ng/mL | [18] |
DAVILLM | M13 Ph.D.-7 | MSR-system | Competing antigen | ZEN | - | 1.06 × 10−7 ng/mL | 10−7–10−1 ng/mL | [19] |
CMTTLFGEDC | Phage display random linear 8-mer peptide library | P-MCLEIA | Competing antigen | ZEN | 31.4 pg/mL | 4.3 pg/mL | 0.0086–0.1475 ng/mL | [20] |
GWWGPYGEIELL | M13 Ph.D.-12 | Bioluminescent ELISA | Competing antigen | ZEN | 11.0 ng/mL | 4.2 ng/mL | 6.2–19.6 ng/mL | [21] |
GWWGPYGEELLGGGSK-Biotin | M13 Ph.D.-12 | ULISA | Competing antigen | ZEN | 0.16 ng/mL | 0.02 ng/mL | 0.05–0.50 ng/mL | [22] |
-- | Phage display random linear 12-mer peptide library | P-dcFLISA | Coating antigen | ZEN | 0.301 ng/ml | 0.023 ng/mL | 0.060–1.531 ng/ml | [23] |
ACWELPTLACGGGS | M13 Ph.D.-C7C | ELISA | Coating antigen | FB1 | 6.06 ng/mL | 1.18 ng/mL | 1.77–20.73 ng/mL | [24] |
NNAAMYSEMATD | M13 Ph.D.-12 | ELISA | Coating antigen | FB1 | 2.15 ng/mL | 0.32 ng/mL | - | [25] |
TTLQMRSEMADD | M13 Ph.D.-12 | ELISA | Coating antigen | FB1 | 1.26 ng/mL | 0.21 ng/mL | - | [25] |
VTPNDDTFDPFR | M13 Ph.D.-12 | ELISA | Competing antigen | FB1 | 37.1 ng/mL | 11.1 ng/mL | 0.13–25.6 ng/mL | [26] |
VTPNDDTFDPFRGGGSK-Biotin | M13 Ph.D.-12 | MB-ELISA | Competing antigen | FB1 | 1.85 ng/mL | 0.029 ng/mL | 0.13–25.6 ng/mL | [27] |
WLTPVGELV | Phage display random cyclic 8-, 9-, 10-mer peptide libraries | Competitive P-ELISA | Competing antigen | Clothianidin | 3.83 ng/mL | 1.11 ng/mL | 1.11–13.20 ng/mL | [28] |
AVFTDQWWTG | Phage display random cyclic 8-, 9-, 10-mer peptide libraries | Noncompetitive P-ELISA | Anti-immune complex peptide | Clothianidin | 0.45 ng/mL | 0.26 ng/mL | 0.26–0.76 ng/mL | [28] |
CTMHLSVYC | M13 Ph.D.-C7C | ELISA | Anti-immune complex peptide | Ethyl carbamate | 1.66 ng/mL | 0.54 ng/mL | 0.87–3.20 ng/mL | [29] |
((CSGLAEFMSC)2K)2KK-FITC | Rational design | Competitive FPIAs | Competing antigens | Benzothiostrobin | 19.71 ng/mL | 4.27 ng/mL | 4.27–129.42 ng/mL | [30] |
((CPDIWPTAWC)2K)2KK-FITC | Rational design | Noncompetitive FPIAs | Anti-immune complex peptide | Benzothiostrobin | 40.43 ng/mL | 9.27 ng/mL | 9.27–210.62 ng/mL | [30] |
CFNGKDWLYC | Phage display random cyclic 8-mer peptide libraries | PHAIA | Coating antigen | PBA | 0.31 ng/mL | 0.05 ng/mL | 0.05–2.0 ng/mL | [31] |