Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Check Note
2000/2000
Ver. Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 + 715 word(s) 715 2020-12-15 07:38:56 |
2 format correct Meta information modification 715 2020-12-23 04:52:12 | |
3 F + 8 word(s) 723 2020-12-23 07:01:17 |
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1
Edit
Upload a video

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a condition characterized by progressive problems with movement. People with this condition initially experience problems with coordination and balance (ataxia). Other signs and symptoms of SCA1 include speech and swallowing difficulties, muscle stiffness (spasticity), and weakness in the muscles that control eye movement (ophthalmoplegia). Eye muscle weakness leads to rapid, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus). Individuals with SCA1 may have difficulty processing, learning, and remembering information (cognitive impairment).

genetic conditions
Information
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 232
Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 23 Dec 2020
Table of Contents

    1. Introduction

    Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a condition characterized by progressive problems with movement. People with this condition initially experience problems with coordination and balance (ataxia). Other signs and symptoms of SCA1 include speech and swallowing difficulties, muscle stiffness (spasticity), and weakness in the muscles that control eye movement (ophthalmoplegia). Eye muscle weakness leads to rapid, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus). Individuals with SCA1 may have difficulty processing, learning, and remembering information (cognitive impairment).

    Over time, individuals with SCA1 may develop numbness, tingling, or pain in the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy); uncontrolled muscle tensing (dystonia); muscle wasting (atrophy); and muscle twitches (fasciculations). Rarely, rigidity, tremors, and involuntary jerking movements (chorea) have been reported in people who have been affected for many years.

    Signs and symptoms of the disorder typically begin in early adulthood but can appear anytime from childhood to late adulthood. People with SCA1 typically survive 10 to 20 years after symptoms first appear.

    2. Frequency

    SCA1 affects 1 to 2 per 100,000 people worldwide.

    3. Causes

    Mutations in the ATXN1 gene cause SCA1. The ATXN1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called ataxin-1. This protein is found throughout the body, but its function is unknown. Within cells, ataxin-1 is located in the nucleus. Researchers believe that ataxin-1 may be involved in regulating various aspects of producing proteins, including the first stage of protein production (transcription) and processing RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA.

    The ATXN1 gene mutations that cause SCA1 involve a DNA segment known as a CAG trinucleotide repeat. This segment is made up of a series of three DNA building blocks (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) that appear multiple times in a row. Normally, the CAG segment is repeated 4 to 39 times within the gene. In people with SCA1, the CAG segment is repeated 40 to more than 80 times. People with 40 to 50 repeats tend to first experience signs and symptoms of SCA1 in mid-adulthood, while people with more than 70 repeats usually have signs and symptoms by their teens.

    An increase in the length of the CAG segment leads to the production of an abnormally long version of the ataxin-1 protein that folds into the wrong 3-dimensional shape. This abnormal protein clusters with other proteins to form clumps (aggregates) within the nucleus of the cells. These aggregates prevent the ataxin-1 protein from functioning normally, which damages cells and leads to cell death. For reasons that are unclear, aggregates of ataxin-1 are found only in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Cells within the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain that coordinates movement, are particularly sensitive to changes in ataxin-1 shape and function. Over time, the loss of the cells of the cerebellum causes the movement problems characteristic of SCA1.

    3.1 The gene associated with Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1

    4. Inheritance

    This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. An affected person usually inherits the altered gene from one affected parent. However, some people with SCA1 do not have a parent with the disorder.

    As the altered ATXN1 gene is passed down from one generation to the next, the length of the CAG trinucleotide repeat often increases. A larger number of repeats is usually associated with an earlier onset of signs and symptoms. This phenomenon is called anticipation. Anticipation tends to be more prominent when the ATXN1 gene is inherited from a person's father (paternal inheritance) than when it is inherited from a person's mother (maternal inheritance).

    Individuals who have around 35 CAG repeats in the ATXN1 gene do not develop SCA1, but they are at risk of having children who will develop the disorder. As the gene is passed from parent to child, the size of the CAG trinucleotide repeat may lengthen into the range associated with SCA1 (40 repeats or more).

    5. Other Names for This Condition

    • olivopontocerebellar atrophy I
    • SCA1
    • spinocerebellar atrophy I
    • type 1 spinocerebellar ataxia

    References

    1. Globas C, du Montcel ST, Baliko L, Boesch S, Depondt C, DiDonato S, Durr A,Filla A, Klockgether T, Mariotti C, Melegh B, Rakowicz M, Ribai P, Rola R,Schmitz-Hubsch T, Szymanski S, Timmann D, Van de Warrenburg BP, Bauer P, ScholsL. Early symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3, and 6. Mov Disord. 2008Nov 15;23(15):2232-8. doi: 10.1002/mds.22288.
    2. Kang S, Hong S. Molecular pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1disease. Mol Cells. 2009 Jun 30;27(6):621-7. doi: 10.1007/s10059-009-0095-y.
    3. Matilla-Dueñas A, Goold R, Giunti P. Clinical, genetic, molecular, andpathophysiological insights into spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Cerebellum.2008;7(2):106-14. doi: 10.1007/s12311-008-0009-0. Review.
    4. Zoghbi HY, Orr HT. Pathogenic mechanisms of a polyglutamine-mediatedneurodegenerative disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Biol Chem. 2009 Mar20;284(12):7425-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R800041200.
    More
    Information
    Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
    View Times: 232
    Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
    Revisions: 3 times (View History)
    Update Date: 23 Dec 2020
    Table of Contents
      1000/1000

      Confirm

      Are you sure to Delete?

      Video Upload Options

      Do you have a full video?
      Cite
      If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
      Ren, B. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3844 (accessed on 23 September 2023).
      Ren B. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3844. Accessed September 23, 2023.
      Ren, Bruce. "Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3844 (accessed September 23, 2023).
      Ren, B.(2020, December 22). Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3844
      Ren, Bruce. "Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 December, 2020.