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Kakouri, E.;  Daferera, D.;  Kanakis, C.;  Revelou, P.;  Kaparakou, E.H.;  Dervisoglou, S.;  Perdikis, D.;  Tarantilis, P.A. Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38368 (accessed on 29 April 2024).
Kakouri E,  Daferera D,  Kanakis C,  Revelou P,  Kaparakou EH,  Dervisoglou S, et al. Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38368. Accessed April 29, 2024.
Kakouri, Eleni, Dimitra Daferera, Charalabos Kanakis, Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou, Eleftheria H. Kaparakou, Sofia Dervisoglou, Dionysios Perdikis, Petros A. Tarantilis. "Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38368 (accessed April 29, 2024).
Kakouri, E.,  Daferera, D.,  Kanakis, C.,  Revelou, P.,  Kaparakou, E.H.,  Dervisoglou, S.,  Perdikis, D., & Tarantilis, P.A. (2022, December 08). Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38368
Kakouri, Eleni, et al. "Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 December, 2022.
Origanum majorana Essential Oil—Chemistry and Pesticide Activity
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/life12121982

Origanum majorana is a medicinal and aromatic plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is cultivated in several parts of the world and, due to its splendid aroma and taste, is widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumes. The essential oil of the plant, to which is attributed its aroma, contains many secondary metabolites with valuable biological activity. One of them is the pesticide activity, which has attracted much interest. Given the necessity of replacing synthetic pesticides, essential oils are studied in an attempt to find naturally derived products.

Origanum majorana essential oil natural pesticide repellent fumigant insecticide

1. Introduction

Aromatic plants are plants that produce and exude from their different plant organs (leaves, flowers, etc.) aromatic substances, which are used for cosmetic and culinary purposes. On the other hand, according to WHO, medicinal plants are defined as those plants (wild or cultivated) that contain a mixture of active compounds, able to prevent, relieve or cure diseases or serve as lead molecules for the discovery of new drug formulations. These compounds are synthesized through common biochemical pathways shared by primary and secondary metabolism and are commonly known as secondary metabolites. Plants provide a plethora of secondary metabolites that exert significant biological activity.
Lamiaceae is a family well studied for the presence of secondary metabolites, which includes volatile and nonvolatile compounds that are present as complex mixtures. These complex mixtures provide significant biological activity, making these plants useful in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [1][2].
O. majorana L. belongs to the large family of Lamiaceae plants, which consists of 230 genera and almost 7000 species [3]. It is a perennial aromatic, annual herb. Its synonym and accepted botanical name is Majorana hortensis, while the plant is commonly known as sweet marjoram. The plant is native to Greece, Cyprus and Turkey; however, it has also been cultivated in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and elsewhere [4][5].
O. majorana is among the well-studied species of the Lamiaceae family. Its rich chemical profile, either referring to the essential oil fraction or the extracts of the plant, has classified O. majorana as a plant with valuable pharmacological activities [5][6][7][8][9]. In particular, the biological activity of the essential oil derived from the aerial part of the plant has been examined in various studies. Many properties have been attributed to this fraction of secondary metabolites, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiacetylcholinesterase, anticancer, antidepressant and analgesic [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Apart from the above-mentioned biological activities, the repellent and insecticidal activity of the essential oil of the plant is of maximum importance [17][18][19]. Nowadays, in order to ensure food availability, crops are treated with synthetic pesticides, for which is intensively discussed their negative impact on human health and the environment as well [20]. Biological replacements for synthetic pesticides currently in use could be essential oils [21]. Thus, a considerable number of studies examine the biological activity of essential oils as candidate pesticides against many insect species [22][23][24]. These naturally derived products aim to protect crops in an eco-friendly manner and at the same time not to adversely affect human health. In particular, regarding the essential oil of O. majorana, its insecticidal, larvicidal, repellent and fumigant activities have been evaluated [19][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].

2. Chemical Profile of O. majorana Essential Oil

Essential oils are complex mixtures, consisting of volatile, usually aromatic, colorless compounds, poorly soluble in water but highly soluble in many organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol and diethyl ether. They are products of the secretory system of the plants, obtained via different procedures, which depend on the plant part used. The most common isolation methods are hydrodistillation and steam distillation, applied when the essential oil is obtained from the aerial parts of the plant.
Volatiles are accumulated at the glandular trichomes of the reproductive and vegetative organs of the plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family. In particular, they are more abundant in reproductive organs and young leaves [32]. Thus, in general, the most popular parts of the plants used are stems, flowers and leaves, from which essential oil is extracted mainly by steam distillation.
Typical constituents of the essential oils are terpenoids and more precisely monoterpenes, which are flavor compounds and sesquiterpenes, oxygenated or not. Other constituents include derivates of monoterpenes, which means compounds bearing different functional groups such as esters, acetates and alcohols [33]. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are indicated by the molecular formula (C5H8)n, in which n = 2 in the monoterpenes case since they consist of two isoprene units. On the other hand, sesquiterpenes consist of three isoprene units; thus, n equals 3.
For O. majorana, characteristic volatile compounds presented in great quantities are monoterpenes hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. Other constituents, less in quantity, are sesquiterpenes, oxygenated or not (Table 1). As discussed below, the oxygenated monoterpenes prevail in most cases in the O. majorana essential oil derived from different geographical regions, with terpinen-4-ol being the most abundant compound [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].
In most studies, compounds detected in abundance were terpinen-4-ol, cis-sabinene hydrate and γ-terpinene, while in some cases, the essential oil is rich in carvacrol and thymol, with the concentration of terpinen-4-ol being half of carvacrol or even absent [19][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Thus, researchers have classified O. majorana into two main chemotypes, based on qualitative criteria. The first one is the terpinen-4-ol/cis-sabinene hydrate chemotype, and the second belongs to the carvacrol/thymol type [55][56][57]. However, according to literature data, this is not always the case, as minor exceptions exist. For example, Chaves et al. (2020) [58] studied a sample of O. majorana originating from Brazil, which was found rich in pulegone (57.05%). Interestingly, no terpinen-4-ol or cis-sabinene hydrate or carvacrol were detected [58]. Furthermore, of the four studies that were found to analyze O. majorana from Morocco, one of them classified the studied sample as terpinen-4-ol chemotype (however without the second major in quantity compound being cis-sabinene hydrate) [59]; the other study identified the compound found in abundance as 4-terpinene [26], and in the rest of the studies, linalool (32.68%), sabinene hydrate (14.08%) and trans-sabinene hydrate (16.0%) were the most characteristic compounds [60][61][62]. However, remarkably, in the first two studies is the presence of terpinen-4-ol (22.30% and 13.07%, respectively).
Other studies that classified O. majorana to a different chemotype are those of Yang et al. (2009), Waller et al. (2016), Baj et al. (2018), Barazandeh et al. (2001) and Dantas et al. (2016) [63][64][65][66][67]. The first two studies [63][64] analyzed samples from India and Egypt, respectively, and found the major constituent being 1.8 cineole (50.96% and 20.9%, respectively). On the other hand, samples from Ukraine and Iran were rich in linalyl acetate (16.0% and 26.1%) [65][66]. Dantas et al. (2016) [67] studied a sample from Egypt. However, a different chemotype was observed, with γ-terpinene being the compound in abundance followed by α-terpinene.
Origanum majorana grown in Greece is classified into three chemotypes. Komaitis et al. (1992) [68] determined a terpinen-4-ol chemotype. This cyclic monoterpene constitutes 37.10% of the total content of essential oil, with p-cymene and α-terpineol being constituents that consist of 50% of the essential oil composition. Daferera et al. (2000) [56] also described an intermediate chemotype of thymol (14.0%) as the main compound. Carvacrol concentration reached 0.2%, while the other compounds found at higher concentrations were 3-carene (10.4%), 2-carene (7.8%), terpinen-4-ol (7.8%) and sabinene hydrate (6.0%). Finally, Giatropoulos et al. (2018) [18] identified a clear carvacrol chemotype, in which the concentration of carvacrol reached 74.8%.
In Table 1 is given summarized information about the collected literature data regarding the volatile profile of O. majorana. The most popular parts of the plant used are stems, flowers and leaves [[32]], from which essential oil is extracted mainly by steam distillation, a method adopted by the majority of researchers, as concluded from Table 1. Considerable variability is observed regarding the chemical composition of the plant, as well as the percentage yield of its essential oil. Terpinen-4-ol, cis/trans-sabinene hydrate, γ-terpinene, cis-β-terpineol, carvacrol and thymol are the compounds mentioned in abundance in the studied samples. Regarding the essential oil yield from the aerial parts of the plant, the % yield ranges from 0.4 to 1.85 mL/100 g of dry material, while when only leaves were used, the extent of the % yield ranges from 0.09 to 2.5 mL/100 g of dry material.
This chemical diversity of essential oil isolated from O. majorana samples is a product of different parameters such as the growth stage of the plant, climate variability, irrigated or arid crops, geographical area, soil salinity, storage conditions and method of distillation [69][70]. All these variables influence the production of secondary metabolites, thus affecting both the qualitative and quantitative composition of an essential oil. In particular, limited water availability is a factor that decreases crop yield and essential oil yield, or is even responsible for altering an essential oil composition.
Table 1. Origanum majorana essential oil from different geographic regions.
Plant Material Extraction Method Column Used for the GC Analysis % Yield Chemical Composition Region Reference
200 g of plant material (the part used is not identified) Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) VB-5
30 × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 0.8 mL/100 g dry material 4-terpinene (28.96%), γ-terpinene (18.57%) and α-terpinene (12.72%), sabinene (8.02%) Morocco [26]
1000 g of the aerial parts Hydrodistillation (according to European Pharmacopeia 5th edition guidelines) DB-5
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.33 μm		 0.97 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (34.1%), α-terpinene (19.2%), terpineol (8.9%) South West Morocco [59]
10 g of plant material Steam distillation
(Likens–Nickerson apparatus)		 CP-Sil 8
30 m, 0.32 mm		 - thymol (14.0%), 3-carene (10.4%), 2-carene (7.8%), terpinen-4-ol (7.8%), sabinene hydrate (6.0%) Greece [56]
100 g of aerial part (stems, leaves and flowers) Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5MS 30 m × 0.25 mm,
0.25 μm		 1.85 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (23.2%), cis-sabinene hydrate (17.5%), γ-terpinene (10.5%), p-cymene (9%), α-terpineol (5.6%) Tunisia [57]
100 g of leaves Hydrodistillation (Quik-fit apparatus) HP-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 mm		 0.09 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (555.1 μg/g dw), γ-terpinene (192.8 mg/g dw), cis sabinene hydrate (168.8 mg/g dw) Tunisia [34]
100 g of aerial parts) three developmental stages: vegetative, flowering and post-flowering) Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5MS
30 m × 250 m, 0.25 μM		 - terpinen-4-ol (76.94–37.15), cyclohexanol 3,3,5 trimethyl (15.99–5.41), α-terpineol (11.34–0.94); β-cymene (10.56–1.88) Tunisia [46]
- Steam distillation Carbowax 20M
25 m × 0.3 mm		 0.20 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (37.10%), p-cymene (12.05%), α-terpineol (7.15%) Greece [68]
Leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) DB-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm		 1.2 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (29.97%), γ-terpinene (15.40%), trans-sabinene hydrate (10.93%), α-terpinene (6.86%) and α-terpineol (6.54%) Egypt [13]
5 g Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Rtx-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm		 - terpinen-4-ol (19.7%), γ-terpinene (18.4), α-terpinene (11.4%), cis-sabinene hydrate (8.6%), sabinene (7.8%) Commercial sample
Germany		 [71]
Leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) DB5
30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm		 - carvacrol (57.86%), thymol (13.54%), trans-caryophyllene (11.52%), cymene (6.78%) Iran [48]
Aerial parts Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) DB-5 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm - terpinen-4-ol (31.15%), cis-sabinene hydrate (15.76%), p-cymene (6.83%), sabinene (6.91%), trans-sabinene hydrate (3.86%), α-terpineol (3.71%) India [35]
500 g of leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 0.6 mL/100 g dry material cis-sabinene hydrate (30.2%), terpinen-4-ol (28.8%), γ-terpinene (7.2%), α-terpineol (6.9%), trans-sabinene hydrate (4.4%), linalyl acetate (3.8%), α-terpinene (3.6%) Venezuela [72]
20 g of aerial part (two vegetative and two generative growth stages) Hydrodistillation HP-Innowax
30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm		 0.04 to 0.09 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (29.13–32.57%), cis-sabinene hydrate (19.9–29.27%), trans-sabinene hydrate (3.5–11.61%), γ-terpinene (2.11–8.20%), bornyl acetate (1.52–2.94%), linalool (1.05–1.39%) Tunisia [36]
- Hydrodistillation Supelcowax
10, 60 m × 0.25
mm, 0.25 μm		 0.8 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (30.3%), γ-terpinene (14%), linalool (12%), p-cymol (9.8%), α-pinene (5.9%), camphene (5.8%) Hungary [37]
Flowering plants Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Carbowax 20 M, 50 m × 0.32 mm i.d, 0.20 μm 1 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (38.4%), cis-sabinene hydrate (15.0%), p-cymene (7.0%), γ-terpinene (6.9%). Reunion Island [38]
- Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Equity-5
60 m × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm		 0.45–0.50 mL/100 g dry material cis-sabinene hydrate (20.23–46.27%), terpinen-4-ol (9.32–23.43%), γ-terpinene (5.67–13.76%), α-terpinene (2.98–8.38%), sabinene (4.90–8.17%), trans-sabinene hydrate (5.01–7.34%), α-terpineol (3.41–4.17%) India [49]
Leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) DB-5 (5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane) capillary column, 60 m
× 0.25 mm		 1.6 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (30.0%), γ-terpinene
(11.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (10.8%)		 Egypt [25]
131 g leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) OPTIMAL-5
0.25 μm, 30
M, 0.25 mm		 - pulegone (57.05%), verbenone (16.92%), trans-menthone (8.57%) Brasil [59]
0.5 kg of aerial part Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 - carvacrol (74.8%), thymol (2.7%) Greece [18]
- - DB-1MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		 - terpinen-4-ol (22.96%), linalool (15.32%), γ-terpinene (12.92%), p-cymene (6.37%) Commercial sample, Korea [23]
- - VF-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		 - terpinen-4-ol (33.8%), terpinolene (16.5%), linalool (14.7%), α-terpinene
(6.8%)		 Commercial sample [73]
20 g dried leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) - 12.70 μL·g−1 terpinen-4-ol (23.83%) cis-β-terpineol (21.63%), - [74]
- - DB-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		 - 1,8-cineole (50.96%), linalool (24.04%), limonene (6.38%) India [63]
Two samples from different regions were analyzed Hydrodistillation - 6.5–7.7 mL/100 g dry material carvacrol (78.27–79.46%), p-cymene (4.31–4.68%), y-terpinene (3.72–4.84%) Turkey [55]
100 g of fresh plant material Steam distillation SE-54 50 m × 0.32 mm   linalool (32.68%), terpinen-4-ol (22.30%), p-cymene (8.07%) Morocco [60]
80 g of aerial parts Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5MS
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		 17.2 g/kg terpinen-4-ol (20.9%), linalool (15.7%), linalyl acetate (13.9%), limonene (13.4%), α-terpineol (8.57%) Pakistan [39]
1 kg of dried aerial parts Hydrodistillation DB-5
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.33 µm		 0.4 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (29.6%), δ-2-carene (20.1%), camphene (13.4%), α-pinene (7.9%) Italy [11]
100 g dried aerial parts Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Cp WAX 52 CB
50 m × 0.32 mm, 1.2 µm		 - carvacrol (52.5%), linalool (45.4%), Turkey [50]
100 g of dried aerial part
▪
Microwave-assisted extraction (MWE)
▪
Hydrodistillation (HD)
▪
Steam distillation (SD)
 TR-5 MS
30 m × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm		 (HD) 0.73 mL/100 g dry material
(MWE) 0.80 mL/100 g dry material
(SD) 0.66 mL/100 g dry material		 terpinen-4-ol MWE: 22.28%, HD: 28.49%, SD: 26.72%
trans-sabinene hydrate MWE: 13.05%, HD: 11.69%, SD: 3.04%
γ-terpinene MWE: 13.20%, HD: 7.87%, SD: 13.72%
α-terpinene MWE: 9.07%, HD 3.89%, SD: 9.46%		 Egypt [47]
300 g of plant material Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) - 1.7 mL/100 g dry material terpin-4-ol (27.32%), γ-terpinene (15.67%), α-terpinene (11.08%) α-terpineol (6.90%), sabinene (5.53%) Tunisia [51]
Aerial parts Extraction with organic solvent ZB-5MS (Phenomenex), 30 m ×
0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		   trans-sabinene hydrate (16.0%), sabinene (14.1%), cis-sabinene hydrate (11.8%), γ-terpinene (10.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.0%), α-terpinene (8.9%) Yemen [62]
- - DB-5
30 × 0.25 × 2.5 mm		 - terpinen-4-ol (20.55%), terpinene (13.13%), trans-terpineol (12.67%), 2-carene (7.67%), sabinene (6.96%) - [40]
- - ZB-5 MS
30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 - linalyl acetate (16.0%), linalool (14.7%), α-terpineol (13.8%), limonene (11.5%) Commercial sample produced in Ukraine [65]
- Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) HP-5MS
30 m× 0.25 mm, 0.25 mm		 - terpinen-4-ol (32.69%), γ-terpinene (12.88%), trans-sabinene hydrate (8.47%), α-terpinene (7.98%), sabinene (6.21%) - [15]
200 g of aerial part Hydrodistillation (Dean–Stark apparatus) VB5
30 m × 0.25 mm 0.25 μm		 1.06 mL/100 g dry material Sabinene hydrate (14.08%), α-terpineol (13.95%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (13.07%), (+)-sabinene (5.67%) Morocco [61]
- - HP-5
30 m× 0.32 mm× 0.25 mm		 - 1,8-cineole (20.9%), terpinen-4-ol (20.4%), p-cymene (7.0%), sabinene (6.7%) Commercial sample Egypt [64]
Dried leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) DB-5
30 m × 0.25 mm 0.25 mm		 1.20 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (30.41%), γ-terpinene (13.94%), cis-sabinene hydrate (9.64%), α-terpinene (7.70%) Egypt [52]
- - Restek
30 m × 0.32 mm, 0.50 μm		 - terpinen-4-ol (21.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (15.5%), γ-terpinene (14.0%) and α-terpinene
(8.9%)		 Commercial product Albania [53]
Aerial parts of plant material collected in different regions Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) FSC
60 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm		 - terpinen-4-ol (8–14%), linalyl acetate (7–10%), trans-sabinene hydrate (6–7%) Turkey [41]
100 g of air-dried
aerial parts		 Hydrodistillation
(Dean–Stark apparatus)		 HP-101
25 m × 0.32 mm		 1.40 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (32.8%), y-terpinene (9.9%), cis-sabinene hydrate (8.6%) Tunisia [54]
Dried leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) TR-5MS
30 m × 0.25
mm, 0.25 μm		 2.5 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (33.0%), caryophyllene oxide (11.9%), p-cymene (6.8%), α-terpineol (6.7%) spathulenol (6.0%) Commercial sample
China		 [42]
200 g dried flowers
200 g dried leaves		 Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Supelcowax 10
30 m × 0.32 mm,
0.5 pm		 12.8 mL/100 g dry material (flowers)
8% ml/100 g dry material (leaves)		 Leaves: cis-sabinene hydrate (33.3%), terpinen-4-ol (21.6%), y-terpinene (8.3%), α-terpineol (7.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (4.7% )
Flowers: cis-sabinene hydrate (24%), terpinen-4-ol (16.6%), α-terpineol (12.4%), y-terpinene (10.6%)
Stems: terpinen-4-ol (19%), α-terpineol (14.25%), y-terpinene (11.1%), cis-sabinene hydrate (7.4%)		 Cyprus [69]
Flowers Steam distillation DB-1
60 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 pm		 0.3 mL/100 g dry material linalyl acetate (26.1%), sabinene (12%), y-terpinene (8.8%), cis-sabinene hydrate (8.7%) Iran [66]
- - - - - Egypt [43]
- - DB-1
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 - terpinen-4-ol (20.8%), γ-Terpinene (14.1%), cis-sabinene hydrate (10.8%) sabinene (9.3%), α-terpinene (9.2%) Commercial sample
UK		 [44]
300 g of aerial parts Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) - 1.72 mL/100 g dry material terpinen-4-ol (26.7%), γ-terpinene (16.96%), p-menthenol (11.85%), α-terpinen (9.22%), α-terpineol (5.76%),
p-cymene (5.27%)		 Tunisia [45]
Dried leaves Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) Durabond-DB5
30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm		 - γ-terpinene (25.73%), α-terpinene (17.35%), terpinen-4-ol (17.24%), sabinene (10.8%), β-phellandrene Egypt [67]
200 g aerial part
(a)
Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation
(b)
Hydrodistillation
 HP-5 ms capillary
30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm		 5 mL/100 g of dry material
(a)
carvacrol (41.3%), linalool (12.2%), terpinen-4-ol (6.6%), linalyl acetate (6.8%), γ-terpinene (5.1%)
(b)
carvacrol (39.1%), linalool (7.2%), terpinen-4-ol (10.1%), linalyl acetate γ-terpinene (6.8%), (3.2%)
 Greece [70]
- Hydrodistillation (clevenger apparatus) - 0.2 mL/100 g of dry material carvacrol (43.7%), thymol (18.3%), γ-terpinene (14.1%), o-cymene (8.1%), α-terpinene (2.0%) Greece [75]
The concentration of cis- and trans-sabinene hydrate ranges from 0.95% to 46.27%. This difference can be explained by taking into account the influence of abiotic components on the production of essential oils. As reported in the study of Novak et al. (2002) [71], increased temperature resulted in increased production of sabinene hydrate. In addition, apart from the effect of temperature, a longer period of sunlight had a positive influence on the production of cis- and trans-isomers, while the opposite was observed regarding the terpinene content [76]. Furthermore, row planting arrangement seems to be important. Single-row planting yielded essential oils richer in sabinene than binate rows. This effect was explained by the fact that single rows receive more sunlight [77]. On the other hand, the cyclic monoterpenes α- and γ-terpinene are frequently stated as components of the essential oil. Terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene are typical products derived from a rearrangement reaction that follows the distillation process due to elevated temperature [78][79].

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Eleni Kakouri
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Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou
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Eleftheria H. Kaparakou
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Sofia Dervisoglou
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Dionysios Perdikis
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Petros A. Tarantilis
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