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This page features a list of Assyrian clans or tribes historically centered in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces in Turkey and West Azerbaijan Province in Iran, prior to 1915, or before Seyfo, when they were historically Assyrian settlements, before early 20th century resettlement in Northern Iraq (which simultaneously had Catholic-Assyrian tribes since the 1st millennium) and northwestern Syria (namely in Al-Hasakah) after they were displaced, slaughtered and driven out by Ottoman Turks in 1915 and in the early 1930s, respectively, during the Simele massacre where they endured a similar anguish and predicament. From around 2500 BC, Assyrians primarily lived in the ancient Assyrian cities of Nineveh, Assur, Nohadra, Arrapha and Arbela, which now lie in modern-day northern Iraq, and as well as the mountainous Assyrian region of Hakkari in what is now Turkey, from around 2300 BC. Though after the spread of Islam, many eventually left the ancient Assyrian cities in the Nineveh Plains, where they settled and found refuge in the highland region in southeastern Anatolia, with the existing Assyrian population, and northwestern Iran. The villages in southeastern Turkey are primarily centred in the modern-day towns of Yuksekova, Çukurca and Semdinli in Hakkâri, Uludere in Sirnak Province and Tur Abdin in Mardin Province. Most of the historical Assyrian tribes are located in the region stretching from Tur Abdin to Hakkari, in Upper Mesopotamia, which formed the Nairi lands, serving as the northern Assyrian frontier and border with their Urartian rivals. The Assyrians of this region were Nestorian Christians adhering to the Assyrian Church of the East and lived here until 1924, when the very last Assyrians who survived the Assyrian Genocide and massacres that occurred during 1918 were expelled. Most subsequently moved to the Nahla valley in northern Iraq or elsewhere. The people of these tribes are an ancient people of Mesopotamia who speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, a modern Syriac language that's derived from old Aramaic and has influences of Akkadian. In the early-mid 20th century, most settled in Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Iran, where many eventually immigrated to the western world in recent years.
References
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- "The wild Christian tribes of Hakkari, whither no Government of any sort has ever extended, still pay tribute to their Patriarch for transmission to the Sultan; and not taxes through the tax-collector"
- Stafford, Ronald Sempill (2006) [1935], The Tragedy of the Assyrians, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzuzsRh37gC
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- Dauphin, C., "Rediscovery of the Nestorian Churches of the Hakkari (South Eastern Turkey)," Eastern Churches Review, Vol. VIII, 1976, pp. 56-57
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- Lālāyān, K.A., Āthorāyé d-Māhal d-Wān, Tehran: Assyrian Youth Cultural Society Press, 1968, pp. 27-31
- Chabot, J.B., Synodicon Orientale, Paris, 1902, p. 285
- Stafford, Ronald Sempill (2006) [1935], The Tragedy of the Assyrians, Gorgias Press, p. 41, ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzuzsRh37gC&pg=PA32
- Stafford, Ronald S., "The Assyrians in the Mosul Vilayet," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1934, Vol. XXI, p. 237.
- A modern history of the Kurds, David McDowall https://books.google.com/books?id=dgDi9qFT41oC&pg=PA47
- Solomon (Sawa) Solomon from Nineveh Magazine 1st & 2nd quarter 1997, vol. 20, no 1&2.
- Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301-320.
- Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144-149.
- Sykes, BG Sir Percy, "The Assyrians in Iraq: A summary of their history from 1918-1933," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1934, Vol. XXI, p. 269.
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- Chevalier, Michel, Les Montagnards Chrétiens du Hakkari et du Kurdistan Septentrional (Paris, 1985)
- Brigadier-Gen. H.H. Austin, "The Baqubah Refugee Camp", The Faith Press, London. 1920.
- Bird, Isabella. "Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, including a summer in the Upper Karun region and a visit to the Nestorian rayahs". John Murray, London. 1891.
- Browne, W.H. The Catholicos of the East and His People, Being the Impressions of Five Years' Work in the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission (London, 1892)
- Index Anatolicus: Danalı http://nisanyanmap.com/?yer=28653&haritasi=danal%C4%B1
- Hürriyet Daily News: What happened to the Turkish Assyrians? http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/what-happened-to-the-turkish-assyrians.aspx?pageID=438&n=what-happened-to-the-turkish-assyrians-1996-08-29
- Index Anatolicus: Ayrancı http://nisanyanmap.com/?y=&t=&ua=0&u=1&ll=(37.8813571797486,%2041.28069877624512)&z=14&mt=Map
- Index Anatolicus: Yarımtaş http://nisanyanmap.com/?yer=28662&haritasi=yar%C4%B1mta%C5%9F
- Index Anatolicus: Yenipınar http://nisanyanmap.com/?yer=28663&haritasi=yenip%C4%B1nar
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- Mardin Travel. "Ömerli". Mardin Travel. http://www.mardintravel.com/omerli/.
- "Beth Nahle – Anhel – Anhil Anhül – Enhel – Enhil – Yemişli". http://www.xmind.net/m/7QbE/.
