+1 credit
| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vivi Li | -- | 2157 | 2022-12-02 01:41:24 |
Video Upload Options
The North–South divide is a socio-economic and political division of Earth popularized in the late 20th century and early 21st century. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States , Canada , almost all the European countries, Israel, Cyprus, Japan , Singapore, South Korea , Australia , and New Zealand. The Global South is made up of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Pacific Islands, and the developing countries in Asia, including the Middle East. It is home to the BRIC countries (excluding Russia ): Brazil , India and China , which, along with Indonesia and Mexico, are the largest Southern states in terms of land area and population. The North is mostly correlated with the Western world and the First World, plus much of the Second World, while the South largely corresponds with the Third World and Eastern world. The two groups are often defined in terms of their differing levels of wealth, economic development, income inequality, democracy, and political and economic freedom, as defined by freedom indices. Nations in the North tend to be wealthier, less unequal and considered more democratic and to be developed countries who export technologically advanced manufactured products; Southern states are generally poorer developing countries with younger, more fragile democracies heavily dependent on primary sector exports and frequently share a history of past colonialism by Northern states. Nevertheless, the divide between the North and the South is often challenged and said to be increasingly incompatible with reality. In economic terms, as of the early 21st century, the North—with one quarter of the world population—controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. Inversely, the South—with three quarters of the world population—has access to one-fifth of the world income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of definitions the "North", regardless of geographical location; similarly, any nations that do not qualify for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South".
References
- Tomlinson, B.R. (April 2003). "What was the Third World?". Journal of Contemporary History 38 (2): 307–309. doi:10.1177/0022009403038002135. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009403038002135
- Dados, Nour; Connell, Raewyn (February 2012). "The Global South". Contexts 11 (1): 12–13. doi:10.1177/1536504212436479. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a86b/dacacf85e5c9046cbdd807192b4e6bdd3230.pdf.
- Cox, Robert W. (Spring 1979). "Ideologies and the New International Economic Order: Reflections on Some Recent Literature". International Organization 33 (2): 257–302. doi:10.1017/S0020818300032161. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300032161
- Stettner, Walter F. (Spring 1982). "The Brandt Commission Report: A Critical Appraisal". International Social Science Review 57 (2): 67–81.
- Litonjua, M.D. (Spring 2012). "Third World/Global South: From Modernization, to Dependency/Liberation, to Postdevelopment". Journal of Third World Studies 29 (1): 25–56. https://search.proquest.com/openview/8764d38d058f4906299e791ab1ec38d0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=33899.
- Thérien, Jean-Philippe (August 1999). "Beyond the North-South Divide: The Two Tales of World Poverty". Third World Quarterly 20 (4): 723–742. doi:10.1080/01436599913523. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599913523
- Mimiko, N. Oluwafemi. Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business. North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2012. 22 & 47. Print.
- Preece, Julia (2009). "Lifelong learning and development: a perspective from the 'South'". Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 39 (5): 585–599. doi:10.1080/03057920903125602. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03057920903125602
- Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael J. Watts, and Sarah Whatmore. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print.
- Economic development “implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of a country […] [a] change in technological and institutional organization of production as well as in distributive pattern of income” http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-development.html
- Grugel, Jean; Hout, Wil (1999-01-01) (in en). Regionalism Across the North-South Divide: State Strategies and Globalization. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415162128. https://books.google.com/?id=DzrpLqljGWYC&pg=PR7&dq=north+south+divide#v=onepage&q=north%2520south%2520divide&f=false.
- Love, Joseph Leroy (2005). "The Rise and Decline of Economic Structuralism in Latin America: New Dimensions". Latin American Research Review 40 (3): 100–125. doi:10.1353/lar.2005.0058. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2005.0058
- Caporaso, James A. (1980). "Dependency Theory: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development Studies". International Organization 34 (4): 605–628. doi:10.1017/S0020818300018865. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300018865
- Herath, Dhammika (2008). "Development Discourse of the Globalists and Dependency Theorists: Do the Globalisation Theorists Rephrase and Reword the Central Concepts of the Dependency School?". Third World Quarterly 29 (4): 819–834. doi:10.1080/01436590802052961. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590802052961
- Reuveny, Rafael X.; Thompson, William R. (2007). "The North-South Divide and International Studies: A Symposium". International Studies Review 9 (4): 556–564. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00722.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00722.x
- Collier, Paul (2015). "Development Economics in Retrospect and Prospect". Oxford Review of Economic Policy 31 (2): 242–258. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grv013. https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/31/2/242/2452807.
- Golub, Philip S. (July 2013). "From the New International Economic Order to the G20: How the 'Global South' is Restructuring Global Capitalism from Within". Third World Quarterly 34 (6): 1000–1015. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.802505. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2013.802505
- Cabral and Weinstock 2010. Brazil: an emerging aid player. London: Overseas Development Institute http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid
- Cabral, Lidia 2010. Brazil’s development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting . London: Overseas Development Institute http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx
- "United Nations Millennium Development Goals". https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/.
