1. Taxonomy

This family has 6 subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species.^[1]

Subfamily Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1936

• Genus Horaiella Tonnoir, 1933

Subfamily Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1920

• Genus Bruchomyia Alexander, 1920 (South America)
• Genus Eutonnoiria Alexander, 1940 (Central Africa)
• Genus Nemopalpus Macquart, 1838

Subfamily Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840

• Genus Brumptomyia França & Parrot, 1921 (Mexico to South America)
• Genus Chinius Leng, 1985 (2 species: China, Thailand)
• Genus Edentomyia Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003 (Brazil)
• Genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 (North and South America)
• Genus Phlebotomus Rondani & Berté, 1840 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
• Genus Sergentomyia França & Parrot, 1920 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
• Genus Warileya Hertig, 1948 (Central and South America)

Subfamily Psychodinae Newman, 1834

• Genus Abcharis Tkoc and Jezek, 2013 (= Notiocharis Eaton, 1913, preoccupied) (Australia)
• Genus Alloeodidicrum Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
• Genus Arisemus Satchell, 1955
• Genus Atrichobrunettia Satchell, 1953
• Genus Australopericoma Vaillant, 1975
• Genus Balbagathis Quate, 1996
• Genus Bazarella Vaillant, 1961
• Genus Berdeniella Vaillant, 1976
• Genus Boreoclytocerus Duckhouse, 1978
• Genus Breviscapus Quate, 1955
• Genus Brunettia Annandale, 1910
• Genus Clogmia Enderlein, 1937
• Genus Clytocerus Eaton, 1904
• Genus Didicrum Enderlein, 1937
• Genus Epacretron Quate, 1965
• Genus Eremolobulosa Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
• Genus Eurygarka Quate, 1959
• Genus Feuerborniella Vaillant, 1974
• Genus Gerobrunettia Quate & Quate, 1967
• Genus Lepidiella Enderlein, 1937
• Genus Lobulosa Szabo, 1960
• Genus Maruina Müller, 1895 (Americas)
• Genus Mormia Enderlein, 1935
• Genus Neoarisemus Botosaneanu & Vaillant, 1970
• Genus Panimerus Eaton, 1913
• Genus Paramormia Enderlein, 1935
• Genus Parasetomima Duckhouse, 1968 (South America)
• Genus Paratelmatoscopus Satchell, 1953 (Australia)
• Genus Pericoma Haliday, in Walker, 1856
• Genus Peripsychoda Enderlein, 1935
• Genus Philosepedon Eaton, 1904 (Europe, North and Central America)
• Genus Pneumia Enderlein, 1935 (= Satchelliella Vaillant, 1979)
• Genus Psychoda Latreille, 1796
• Genus Rotundopteryx Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
• Genus Saraiella Vaillant, 1981
• Genus Setomima Enderlein, 1937
• Genus Stupkaiella Vaillant, 1973
• Genus Szaboiella Vaillant, 1979
• Genus Telmatoscopus Eaton, 1904
• Genus Thornburghiella Vaillant, 1982
• Genus Threticus Eaton, 1904
• Genus Tinearia Schellenberg, 1803
• Genus Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1982
• Genus Trichopsychoda Tonnoir, 1922
• Genus Ulomyia Walker, 1856 (= Saccopterix Haliday, in Curtis, 1839, preoccupied)
• Genus Vaillantodes Wagner, 2002 ( = Vaillantia Wagner, 1993, preoccupied)

Subfamily Sycoracinae Jung, 1954

• Genus Sycorax Haliday, in Curtis, 1839
• Genus Aposycorax Duckhouse, 1972
• Genus Parasycorax Duckhouse, 1972

Subfamily Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922

• Genus Trichomyia Haliday, in Curtis, 1839

2. Life Cycle

File:Drain fly larvae.oggThe larvae of the subfamilies Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Horaiellinae live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks,^[2] where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly encountered species are nearly transparent with a non-retractable black head and can sometimes be seen moving along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs or submerged in toilet water. The larval form of the moth flies is usually between 4 and 5 mm (0.16 and 0.20 in) long, and is shaped like a long, thin, somewhat flattened cylinder. The body lacks prolegs, but the body segments are divided into a series of rings called annuli (singular is annulus). Some of these rings will have characteristic plates on the dorsal side. The larval thorax is not significantly larger than its abdomen, giving it a more "worm-like" appearance than that of most aquatic insect larvae.

In some species, the larvae can secure themselves to surfaces of their environment using "attachment disks" on their ventral side. Like mosquito larvae, they cannot absorb oxygen through water, and instead breathe via a small dark tube (a spiracle) on their posterior end — they must regularly reach the surface to obtain oxygen. The larval stage lasts for between 9 and 15 days, depending on species, temperature, and environment. There are four instar stages.^[3][4][5] In small numbers, the larvae are sometimes considered beneficial, as their strong jaws can cut through the hair and sludge waste in drains which might otherwise form clogs. However, unless this sludge layer is removed entirely, the adult flies will continue to find it and lay more eggs.

While the biting midges also have larvae that have no prolegs and which also have attachment disks, the larvae of the netwinged midges can be distinguished from those of the moth fly by the multiple deep lateral constrictions of the latter.^[4]

The pupal stage lasts between 20 and 40 hours. During this stage, the insect does not feed, but stays submerged near the water surface, still breathing through a spiracle, and soon metamorphoses into an adult fly, which bursts through a seam in the pupal casing and emerges onto the water's surface.

The adults are half as long as the larvae, but are much broader in appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary venation of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins.

The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight.^[6] They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.^[7]

The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once, often within hours of emerging from their pupal casings. Females will lay their eggs (between 30 and 100) just above the water line inside moist drains. Within 48 hours these eggs hatch into drain worms, the larval form.

3. Health Effects

The drain flies which are commonly found in bathrooms, Clogmia albipunctata, are not known to carry any human diseases, but have been known to be an opportunistic agent of myiasis. However, the subfamily of Phlebotominae does feed on blood with the ability to transmit (tropical) diseases, and Sycorax silacea can transmit microfilaria.^[8] Inhalation of insect fragments may cause respiratory asthma.

4. Pest Control

Protected by the extremely fine water-repellent hairs covering their bodies, adults and larvae are difficult to drown,^[6] and are not affected by contact with most water-borne toxins such as bleach. Boiling water has little or no effect on the adults for the same reason, and even the eggs are highly resistant to both chemical or thermal assault. Eggs can also withstand periods of dehydration. Extermination of this household pest depends on the maintenance of clean household drains for a period of at least three weeks.

Suspect drains can be identified by placing a glass jar or taping a clear plastic bag over them, and periodically checking for adult flies.^[9] A clear plastic cup coated inside with vegetable oil or petroleum jelly can also be used.^[6] Partially covering the drain opening with sticky adhesive tape is another method used to identify breeding sources.^[7]

Thorough mechanical cleaning of drains will remove the larval food source, and is the most effective control measure.^[6] High-pressure drain cleaning will not only eradicate the feeding source of the larvae, it also cleans the entire length of pipe reducing the likelihood of drain flies from returning^[10]. Alternatively, injected foams containing bacteria or enzymes may be useful to break down gelatinous scum deposits.^[9] Besides sink drains, floor drains and shower drains are common sources, as well as leaky shower pans, but any location with moist decaying organic matter can be a breeding site.^[7] In commercial buildings, sump pump pits, sewers, and elevator pits may trap moisture where drain flies can breed.^[7]

Because of their attraction to light, drain flies may be monitored by using fan-based traps baited with visible or ultraviolet light. However, only killing adult flies is usually not effective; larval food sources must be removed to stop more flies from emerging.^[7]