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References

1. Harold I. Sharlin (December 13, 2019). "William Thomson, Baron Kelvin". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin. 
2. Kelvin and Ireland Raymond Flood, Mark McCartney and Andrew Whitaker (2009) J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 158 011001 http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/158/1/011001
3. Randall, Lisa (2005). Warped Passages. New York: HarperCollins.  p.162
4. "Hutchison, Iain "Lord Kelvin and Liberal Unionism"". http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/158/1/012004/pdf/jpconf9_158_012004.pdf. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
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6. "Biography of William Thomson's father". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Thomson_James.html. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
7. Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002 http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf
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9. P.Q.R. (1841). "On Fourier's expansions of functions in trigonometric series". Cambridge Mathematical Journal 2: 258–262. 
10. P.Q.R. (1841). "Note on a passage in Fourier's 'Heat'". Cambridge Mathematical Journal 3: 25–27. 
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15. Thompson (1910) vol. 1, p. 98
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17. Chang (2004), Ch.4
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19. — (1949) "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat; with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam" Math. and Phys. Papers vol.1, pp 113–155
20. Sharlin (1979), p.112
21. Thomson, W. (1851) "On the dynamical theory of heat; with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam" Math. and Phys. Papers vol. 1, pp 175–183 https://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
22. Thomson, W. (1851) p.183
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25. Smith, Crosbie. "Thomson, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36507
26. Thomson, W. (1854) "On the theory of the electric telegraph" Math. and Phys. Papers vol.2, p.61
27. Thomson, W. (1855) "On the peristaltic induction of electric currents in submarine telegraph wires" Math. and Phys. Papers vol.2, p.87
28. Thomson, W. (1855) "Letters on telegraph to America" Math. and Phys. Papers vol.2, p.92
29. Thomson, W. (1857) Math. and Phys. Papers vol.2, p.154
30. Sharlin (1979) p.141
31. Sharlin (1979) p.144
32. "Board of Trade Committee to Inquire into … Submarine Telegraph Cables’, Parl. papers (1860), 52.591, no. 2744
33. "Report of the Scientific Committee Appointed to Consider the Best Form of Cable for Submersion Between Europe and America" (1863)
34. Alan Gurney (17 August 2005). "Chapter 19: Thomson's Compass and Binnacle". Compass: A Story of Exploration and Innovation. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393608830. 
35. "Lord Kelvin's sailing yacht 'Lalla Rookh', c 1860-1900". https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-lord-kelvins-sailing-yacht-lalla-rookh-c-1860-1900-image5525313.html. 
36. Kragh, Helge (2002). "The Vortex Atom: A Victorian Theory of Everything" (in en). Centaurus 44 (1–2): 32–114. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2002.440102.x. ISSN 0008-8994. https://www.academia.edu/4084776. Retrieved 9 March 2019. 
37. Thomson, Wm. (1867). "On Vortex Atoms". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6: 94–105. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045430. http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_vortex_atoms.html. 
38. Silliman, Robert H. (1963) William Thomson: Smoke Rings and Nineteenth-Century Atomism, Isis 54(4): 461–474. JSTOR link https://www.jstor.org/stable/228151
39. Helge Kragh (211) Higher Speculations, Grand Theories and Failed Revolutions in Physics and Cosmology, Oxford University Press
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42. David Lindley, Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention, and Tragedy, page 293
43. IEC. "1906 Preliminary Meeting Report, pp 46-48". http://www.iec.ch/about/history/documents/pdf/IEC_Founding_Meeting_Report_1906.pdf. Retrieved 21 October 2012. 
44. Sharlin (1979) p.169
45. Imbrie & Imbrie 1986, p. 40.
46. Young & Stearley 2008, p. 99.
47. Burchfield (1990)
48. Bowler, Peter J. (1983). The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900 (paperback ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-8018-4391-4. 
49. Kelvin did pay off gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in the Earth. The Kelvin period does exist in the evolution of stars. They shine from gravitational energy for a while (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins. Fusion was not understood until well after Kelvin's time. England, P.; Molnar, P.; Righter, F. (January 2007). "John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics". GSA Today 17 (1): 4–9. doi:10.1130/GSAT01701A.1.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAT01701A.1
50. ""Of Geological Dynamics" excerpts". Zapatopi.net. http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/of_geological_dynamics.html. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
51. Tung, K.K. "Topics in Mathematical Modeling" (Princeton University Press 2007), p.243-251. In Thomson's theory the Earth's age is proportional to the square of the difference between interior temperature and surface temperature, so that the uncertainty in the former leads to an even larger relative uncertainty in the age.
52. Thomson, William (1862). "On the Secular Cooling of the Earth". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXIII: 160–161. doi:10.1017/s0080456800018512. https://zenodo.org/record/2202654. 
53. Burchfield, Joe D. (1990). Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth. University of Chicago Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-226-08043-7. 
54. Hamblin, W. Kenneth (1989). The Earth's Dynamic Systems 5th ed. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-02-349381-2. https://archive.org/details/earthsdynamicsys00hamb_1/page/135. 
55. Heuel-Fabianek, Burkhard. "Natürliche Radioisotope: die "Atomuhr" für die Bestimmung des absoluten Alters von Gesteinen und archäologischen Funden". StrahlenschutzPraxis 1/2017: 31–42. 
56. Silvanus Phillips Thompson (January 1977). "The life of Lord Kelvin". American Journal of Physics 45 (10): 1095. doi:10.1119/1.10735. ISBN 978-0-8284-0292-7. Bibcode: 1977AmJPh..45.1010T. https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC. 
57. Silvanus Phillips Thompson (January 1977). "The life of Lord Kelvin". American Journal of Physics 45 (10): 998. doi:10.1119/1.10735. ISBN 978-0-8284-0292-7. Bibcode: 1977AmJPh..45.1010T. https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC. 
58. Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth," Nature, 51 : 224-227, 341-342, 582-585. (51:224, 51:341, 51:582 at Internet Archive) http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750868;view=1up;seq=266
59. Stacey, Frank D. (2000). "Kelvin's age of the Earth paradox revisited". Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B6): 13155–13158. doi:10.1029/2000JB900028. Bibcode: 2000JGR...10513155S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JB900028
60. Philips, Thompson S. The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. 
61. McCartney & Whitaker (2002), reproduced on Institute of Physics website http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6
62. Thomson, W. (1889) Address to the Christian Evidence Society
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77. The Royal Society, London http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=6002
78. Letter from Lord Kelvin to Baden Powell 8 December 1896 http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html#baden-powell
79. Interview in the Newark Advocate 26 April 1902 http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/interview_aeronautics_and_wireless.html
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81. Einstein (2007) by Walter Isaacson, page 575
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96. Thompson, Silvanus (1910). The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. Volume: 2. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 914.