+1 credit
| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Camila Xu | -- | 1117 | 2022-12-01 01:48:37 |
Video Upload Options
Osmium (76Os) has seven naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os, and 186Os, have extremely long half-life (1.12×1013 years and 2×1015 years, respectively) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable as well. 187Os is the daughter of 187Re (half-life 4.56×1010 years) and is most often measured in an 187Os/188Os ratio. This ratio, as well as the 187Re/188Os ratio, have been used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as meteoric rocks. It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the mantle roots of continental cratons. However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked quartz along the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary that marks the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. There are also 30 artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 194Os with a half-life of six years; all others have half-lives under 94 days. There are also nine known nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is 191mOs with a half-life of 13.10 hours. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of osmium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
References
- Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.; Ravizza, G. (2000). "The marine osmium isotope record". Terra Nova 12 (5): 205–219. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00295.x. Bibcode: 2000TeNov..12..205P. https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3121.2000.00295.x
- Esser, Bradley K.; Turekian, Karl K. (1993). "The osmium isotopic composition of the continental crust". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (13): 3093–3104. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90296-9. Bibcode: 1993GeCoA..57.3093E. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0016703793902969.
- Hauri, Erik H. (2002). "Osmium Isotopes and Mantle Convection". Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 360 (1800): 2371–2382. doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.1073. PMID 12460472. Bibcode: 2002RSPTA.360.2371H. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3558902.pdf?casa_token=p6-bDQ9BM-MAAAAA:Yth2X1Fs8mkdzw_8F9zk2QZO-uKvrhqig3A1iJ_1LoMc2meSlwV7jIYXzgRy6is74M698rx6jq2dyYIZs-4LUOUtbKHdfHkjGF5jLRk1sYBoOZk4xM0V.
- Lowery, Chistopher; Morgan, Joanna; Gulick, Sean; Bralower, Timothy; Christeson, Gail (2019). "Ocean Drilling Perspectives on Meteorite Impacts". Oceanography 32: 120–134. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.133. https://dx.doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2019.133
- Selby, D.; Creaser, R. A. (2005). "Direct Radiometric Dating of Hydrocarbon Deposits Using Rhenium-Osmium Isotopes". Science 308 (5726): 1293–1295. doi:10.1126/science.1111081. PMID 15919988. Bibcode: 2005Sci...308.1293S. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1111081
- Chen, C.; Sedwick, P. N.; Sharma, M. (2009). "Anthropogenic osmium in rain and snow reveals global-scale atmospheric contamination". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (19): 7724–7728. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811803106. PMID 19416862. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.7724C. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683094
- mOs – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
- Modes of decay: EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition p: Proton emission
- Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
- Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- Theorized to also undergo β+β+ decay to 184W
- primordial radionuclide
- Used in rhenium-osmium dating
- Believed to undergo α decay to 183W
- Believed to undergo α decay to 184W
- Believed to undergo α decay to 185W
- Believed to undergo α decay to 186W
- Believed to undergo α decay to 188W or β−β− decay to 192Pt with a half-life over 9.8×1012 years
