Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 7010 2022-11-30 01:44:22

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Stuxnet. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37304 (accessed on 01 October 2026).
HandWiki. Stuxnet. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37304. Accessed October 01, 2026.
HandWiki. "Stuxnet" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37304 (accessed October 01, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 30). Stuxnet. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37304
HandWiki. "Stuxnet." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 November, 2022.
Stuxnet
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Stuxnet

Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm first uncovered in 2010 and thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the nuclear program of Iran. Although neither country has openly admitted responsibility, the worm is widely understood to be a cyberweapon built jointly by the United States and Israel in a collaborative effort known as Operation Olympic Games. Stuxnet specifically targets programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which allow the automation of electromechanical processes such as those used to control machinery and industrial processes including gas centrifuges for separating nuclear material. Exploiting four zero-day flaws, Stuxnet functions by targeting machines using the Microsoft Windows operating system and networks, then seeking out Siemens Step7 software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. Stuxnet's design and architecture are not domain-specific and it could be tailored as a platform for attacking modern SCADA and PLC systems (e.g., in factory assembly lines or power plants), most of which are in Europe, Japan , and the United States. Stuxnet reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's nuclear centrifuges. Targeting industrial control systems, the worm infected over 200,000 computers and caused 1,000 machines to physically degrade. Stuxnet has three modules: a worm that executes all routines related to the main payload of the attack; a link file that automatically executes the propagated copies of the worm; and a rootkit component responsible for hiding all malicious files and processes, to prevent detection of Stuxnet. It is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected USB flash drive, thus crossing any air gap. The worm then propagates across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. In the absence of either criterion, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer. If both the conditions are fulfilled, Stuxnet introduces the infected rootkit onto the PLC and Step7 software, modifying the code and giving unexpected commands to the PLC while returning a loop of normal operation system values back to the users.

industrial control supervisory control industrial systems

References

  1. "Building a Cyber Secure Plant". Siemens. 30 September 2010. http://www.totallyintegratedautomation.com/2010/09/building-a-cyber-secure-plant/. 
  2. McMillan, Robert (16 September 2010). "Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems". Computerworld. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2515570/network-security/siemens--stuxnet-worm-hit-industrial-systems.html. Retrieved 16 September 2010. 
  3. "Last-minute paper: An indepth look into Stuxnet". Virus Bulletin. https://www.virusbulletin.com/conference/vb2010/abstracts/indepth-look-stuxnet. 
  4. "Stuxnet worm hits Iran nuclear plant staff computers". BBC News. 26 September 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11414483. 
  5. Nicolas Falliere (6 August 2010). "Stuxnet Introduces the First Known Rootkit for Industrial Control Systems". Symantec. http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-introduces-first-known-rootkit-scada-devices. 
  6. "Iran's Nuclear Agency Trying to Stop Computer Worm". Associated Press. Tehran. 25 September 2010. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/09/25/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Iran-Cyber-Attacks.html. 
  7. Keizer, Gregg (16 September 2010). "Is Stuxnet the 'best' malware ever?". InfoWorld. http://www.infoworld.com/article/2626009/malware/is-stuxnet-the--best--malware-ever-.html. Retrieved 16 September 2010. 
  8. Cherry, Steven; Langner, Ralph (13 October 2010). "How Stuxnet Is Rewriting the Cyberterrorism Playbook". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/how-stuxnet-is-rewriting-the-cyberterrorism-playbook. 
  9. "Stuxnet Virus Targets and Spread Revealed". BBC News. 15 February 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12465688. 
  10. Fildes, Jonathan (23 September 2010). "Stuxnet worm 'targeted high-value Iranian assets'". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11388018. 
  11. Beaumont, Claudine (23 September 2010). "Stuxnet virus: worm 'could be aimed at high-profile Iranian targets'". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8021102/Stuxnet-virus-worm-could-be-aimed-at-high-profile-Iranian-targets.html. 
  12. MacLean, William (24 September 2010). "Update 2-Cyber attack appears to target Iran-tech firms". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE68N1OI20100924. 
  13. ComputerWorld (14 September 2010). "Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems". Computerworld. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2515570/network-security/siemens--stuxnet-worm-hit-industrial-systems.html. Retrieved 3 October 2010. 
  14. "Iran Confirms Stuxnet Worm Halted Centrifuges". CBS News. 29 November 2010. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-confirms-stuxnet-worm-halted-centrifuges/. 
  15. Bronner, Ethan; Broad, William J. (29 September 2010). "In a Computer Worm, a Possible Biblical Clue". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/world/middleeast/30worm.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&hpw. "Software smart bomb fired at Iranian nuclear plant: Experts". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 24 September 2010. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Software-smart-bomb-fired-at-Iranian-nuclear-plant-Experts/articleshow/6617686.cms. 
  16. "Kaspersky Lab provides its insights on Stuxnet worm". Kaspersky (Russia). 24 September 2010. http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Kaspersky_Lab_provides_its_insights_on_Stuxnet_worm. 
  17. "Stuxnet Questions and Answers – F-Secure Weblog". F-Secure (Finland). 1 October 2010. http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html. 
  18. Gary Samore speaking at 10 December 2010 Washington Forum of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies in Washington DC, reported by C-Span and contained in the PBS program Need to Know ("Cracking the code: Defending against the superweapons of the 21st century cyberwar", 4 minutes into piece) https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/video-cracking-the-code-defending-against-the-superweapons-of-the-21st-century-cyberwar/9456/
  19. Williams, Christopher (15 February 2011). "Israel video shows Stuxnet as one of its successes". London: Telegraph.co.uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8326387/Israel-video-shows-Stuxnet-as-one-of-its-successes.html. 
  20. Sanger, David E. (1 June 2012). "Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html. 
  21. Matyszczyk, Chris (24 July 2012). "Thunderstruck! A tale of malware, AC/DC, and Iran's nukes". http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-57478515-71/thunderstruck-a-tale-of-malware-ac-dc-and-irans-nukes/. 
  22. "Iran 'fends off new Stuxnet cyber attack'". BBC News. 25 December 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20842113. 
  23. Shamah, David (11 November 2013). "Stuxnet, gone rogue, hit Russian nuke plant, space station". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/stuxnet-gone-rogue-hit-russian-nuke-plant-space-station/. 
  24. Krebs, Brian (17 July 2010). "Experts Warn of New Windows Shortcut Flaw". Krebs on Security. http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/experts-warn-of-new-windows-shortcut-flaw/. 
  25. Gross, Michael Joseph (April 2011). "A Declaration of Cyber-War". Vanity Fair (Condé Nast). https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104. 
  26. "Rootkit.TmpHider". wilderssecurity.com. Wilders Security Forums. http://www.wilderssecurity.com/showthread.php?p=1712134#post1712134. 
  27. Shearer, Jarrad (13 July 2010). "W32.Stuxnet". symantec.com. Symantec. http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99. 
  28. Zetter, Kim (11 July 2011). "How digital detectives deciphered Stuxnet, the most menacing malware in history". arstechnica.com. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet-the-most-menacing-malware-in-history/. 
  29. Karl (26 October 2011). "Stuxnet opens cracks in Iran nuclear program". abc.net.au. ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/26/3348123.htm. 
  30. Alexander Gostev (26 September 2010). "Myrtus and Guava: the epidemic, the trends, the numbers". http://www.securelist.com/en/blog/325/Myrtus_and_Guava_the_epidemic_the_trends_the_numbers. 
  31. Finkle, Jim (26 February 2013). "Researchers say Stuxnet was deployed against Iran in 2007". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyberwar-stuxnet-idUSBRE91P0PP20130226. 
  32. "Stuxnet Under the Microscope, Revision 1.31". https://www.welivesecurity.com/media_files/white-papers/Stuxnet_Under_the_Microscope.pdf. 
  33. Sam Kiley. "Super Virus A Target For Cyber Terrorists". http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Stuxnet-Worm-Virus-Targeted-At-Irans-Nuclear-Plant-Is-In-Hands-Of-Bad-Guys-Sky-News-Sources-Say/Article/201011415827544. 
  34. "A Fanny Equation: "I am your father, Stuxnet"". Kaspersky Lab. February 17, 2015. https://securelist.com/blog/research/68787/a-fanny-equation-i-am-your-father-stuxnet/. 
  35. "fanny.bmp code - at GitHub". 23 October 2021. https://github.com/loneicewolf/fanny.bmp/. 
  36. "Equation Group Questions and Answers". https://securelist.com/files/2015/02/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf. 
  37. Seals, Tara. "SAS 2019: Stuxnet-Related APTs Form Gossip Girl, an 'Apex Threat Actor'" (in en). https://threatpost.com/stuxnet-apts-gossip-girl/143595/. 
  38. Chronicle (2019-04-12). "Who is GOSSIPGIRL?" (in en). https://medium.com/chronicle-blog/who-is-gossipgirl-3b4170f846c0. 
  39. "CSEC SIGINT Cyber Discovery: Summary of the current effort". November 2010. https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1690221/doc-4-csec-sigint-discocon-2010.pdf. 
  40. Bencsáth, Boldizsár. "Territorial Dispute – NSA's perspective on APT landscape". https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/tedi/ukatemicrysys_territorialdispute.pdf. 
  41. Marschalek, Marion; Guarnieri, Claudio. "Big Game Hunting: The Peculiarities of Nation-State Malware Research". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVlMYXLB0m0. 
  42. Barth, Bradley (April 10, 2019). "GOSSIPGIRL – Stuxnet group had '4th man;' unknown version of Flame & Duqu found". https://www.scmagazineuk.com/gossipgirl-stuxnet-group-4th-man-unknown-version-flame-duqu-found/article/1581579. 
  43. BetaFred. "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 - Critical" (in en-us). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2010/ms10-061. 
  44. BetaFred. "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-067 - Critical" (in en-us). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2008/ms08-067. 
  45. fmm (2020-09-28). "The Emerald Connection: EquationGroup collaboration with Stuxnet" (in en). https://fmmresearch.wordpress.com/2020/09/28/the-emerald-connection-equationgroup-collaboration-with-stuxnet/. 
  46. "W32.Stuxnet". Symantec. 17 September 2010. http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99. 
  47. "Iran denies hacking into American banks" Reuters, 23 September 2012 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-cyberattacks-denial-idUSBRE88M06O20120923
  48. "Israel Tests on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay". New York Times. 15 January 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html?_r=1&ref=general&src=me&pagewanted=all. 
  49. Steven Cherry; with Larry Constantine (14 December 2011). "Sons of Stuxnet". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/sons-of-stuxnet. 
  50. "Conficker Worm: Help Protect Windows from Conficker". Microsoft. 10 April 2009. https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/dd452420.aspx. 
  51. Buda, Alex (4 December 2016). "Creating Malware using the Stuxnet LNK Exploit". Ruby Devices. http://www.rubydevices.com.au/blog/stuxnetLnkExploit. 
  52. Kim Zetter (23 September 2010). "Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet-2/. Retrieved 4 November 2016. 
  53. Liam O Murchu (17 September 2010). "Stuxnet P2P component". Symantec. http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-p2p-component. 
  54. "W32.Stuxnet Dossier". Symantec Corporation. http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf. 
  55. Microsoft (14 September 2010). "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 – Critical". Microsoft. https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-061.aspx. 
  56. Microsoft (2 August 2010). "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-046 – Critical". Microsoft. https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-046.aspx. 
  57. Gostev, Alexander (14 September 2010). "Myrtus and Guava, Episode MS10-061". Kaspersky Lab. https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/29747/myrtus-and-guava-episode-ms10-061/. 
  58. "Kaspersky Lab provides its insights on Stuxnet worm". Kaspersky Lab. 24 September 2010. http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Kaspersky_Lab_provides_its_insights_on_Stuxnet_worm. 
  59. Gross, Michael Joseph (April 2011). "A Declaration of Cyber-War". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104. Retrieved 4 March 2011. 
  60. Langner, Ralph (14 September 2010). "Ralph's Step-By-Step Guide to Get a Crack at Stuxnet Traffic and Behaviour". Ot-Base by Langner. http://www.langner.com/en/2010/09/14/ralphs-step-by-step-guide-to-get-a-crack-at-stuxnet-traffic-and-behavior/. 
  61. Nicolas Falliere (26 September 2010). "Stuxnet Infection of Step 7 Projects". Symantec. http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-infection-step-7-projects. 
  62. "Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2010-2772". National Vulnerability Database. 22 July 2010. http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-2772. 
  63. Eric Chien (12 November 2010). "Stuxnet: A Breakthrough". Symantec. http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-breakthrough. 
  64. "SIMATIC WinCC / SIMATIC PCS 7: Information concerning Malware / Virus / Trojan". Siemens. https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/43876783/simatic-wincc-simatic-pcs-7%3A-information-about-malware-viruses-trojan-horses?dti=0&lc=en-WW. 
  65. Tom Espiner (20 July 2010). "Siemens warns Stuxnet targets of password risk". http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20011095-83.html. 
  66. "Siemens: Stuxnet Worm Hit Industrial Systems". IDG News. https://www.pcworld.com/article/205420/siemens_stuxnet_worm_hit_industrial_systems.html. 
  67. crve (17 September 2010). "Stuxnet also found at industrial plants in Germany". The H. http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-also-found-at-industrial-plants-in-Germany-1081469.html. 
  68. "Repository of Industrial Security Incidents". Security Incidents Organization. http://www.securityincidents.org. 
  69. "DHS National Cyber Security Division's CSSP". DHS. http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/. 
  70. "ISA99, Industrial Automation and Control System Security". International Society of Automation. http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=988&CommitteeID=6821. 
  71. "Industrial communication networks – Network and system security – Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control system security program". International Electrotechnical Commission. http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/procgi.pl/www/iecwww.p?wwwlang=E&wwwprog=pro-det.p&He=IEC&Pu=62443&Pa=2&Se=1&Am=&Fr=&TR=&Ed=1. 
  72. "Chemical Sector Cyber Security Program". ACC ChemITC. http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chemitc/sec_callout.asp?CID=1733&DID=6429. 
  73. "Pipeline SCADA Security Standard". API. http://www.api.org/meetings/topics/pipeline/upload/Pipeline_SCADA_Security_Standard.pdf. 
  74. Marty Edwards (Idaho National Laboratory) & Todd Stauffer (Siemens). "2008 Automation Summit: A User's Conference". United States Department of Homeland Security. p. 35. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/NSTB.pdf. 
  75. "The Can of Worms Is Open-Now What?". controlglobal.com. http://www.controlglobal.com/articles/2010/StuxnetWorm1010.html. 
  76. Byres, Eric; Cusimano, John (16 February 2012). "The 7 Steps to ICS Security". Tofino Security and exida Consulting LLC. http://www.exida.com/index.php/News/new_whitepaper_the_7_steps_to_ics_and_scada_security/. 
  77. Halliday, Josh (24 September 2010). "Stuxnet worm is the 'work of a national government agency'". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/24/stuxnet-worm-national-agency. 
  78. Markoff, John (26 September 2010). "A Silent Attack, but Not a Subtle One". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/technology/27virus.html. 
  79. Schneier, Bruce (6 October 2010). "The Story Behind The Stuxnet Virus". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/06/iran-nuclear-computer-technology-security-stuxnet-worm.html. 
  80. Schneier, Bruce (23 February 2012). "Another Piece of the Stuxnet Puzzle". Schneier on Security. http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/02/another_piece_o.html. 
  81. Bright, Arthur (1 October 2010). "Clues Emerge About Genesis of Stuxnet Worm". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/1001/Clues-emerge-about-genesis-of-Stuxnet-worm. 
  82. Langner, Ralph (February 2011). Ralph Langner: Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon (video). TED. http://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyberweapon.html
  83. Robert McMillan (23 July 2010). "Iran was prime target of SCADA worm". Computerworld. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2519584/network-security/iran-was-prime-target-of-scada-worm.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010. 
  84. Paul Woodward (22 September 2010). "Iran confirms Stuxnet found at Bushehr nuclear power plant". Warincontext.org. http://warincontext.org/2010/09/26/iran-confirms-stuxnet-found-at-bushehr-nuclear-power-plant/. 
  85. "6 mysteries about Stuxnet". Blog.foreignpolicy.com. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet. 
  86. Clayton, Mark (21 September 2010). "Stuxnet malware is 'weapon' out to destroy ... Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant?". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0921/Stuxnet-malware-is-weapon-out-to-destroy-Iran-s-Bushehr-nuclear-plant. 
  87. Yossi Melman (28 September 2010). "Computer virus in Iran actually targeted larger nuclear facility". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/computer-virus-in-iran-actually-targeted-larger-nuclear-facility-1.316052. 
  88. "Iranian Nuclear Program Plagued by Technical Difficulties". Globalsecuritynewswire.org. 23 November 2010. http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20101123_2990.php. 
  89. "Iran pauses uranium enrichment at Natanz nuclear plant". Haaretz.com. 24 November 2010. http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/iran-pauses-uranium-enrichment-at-natanz-nuclear-plant-1.326276. 
  90. "The Stuxnet worm: A cyber-missile aimed at Iran?". The Economist. 24 September 2010. https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/stuxnet_worm. 
  91. "Serious nuclear accident may lay behind Iranian nuke chief%27s mystery resignation". WikiLeaks. 16 July 2009. http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/Serious_nuclear_accident_may_lay_behind_Iranian_nuke_chief%27s_mystery_resignation. 
  92. "IAEA Report on Iran". Institute for Science and International Security. 16 November 2010. http://www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/ISIS_Analysis_IAEA_Report_16Nov2009.pdf. 
  93. "Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz Enrichment Plant?". Institute for Science and International Security. 22 December 2010. http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/stuxnet_FEP_22Dec2010.pdf. 
  94. "Stuxnet-Virus könnte tausend Uran-Zentrifugen zerstört haben". Der Spiegel. 26 December 2010. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/0,1518,736604,00.html. Retrieved 27 December 2010. 
  95. Stark, Holger (8 August 2011). "Mossad's Miracle Weapon: Stuxnet Virus Opens New Era of Cyber War". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,778912,00.html. 
  96. Warrick, Joby, "Iran's Natanz nuclear facility recovered quickly from Stuxnet cyberattack", The Washington Post , 16 February 2011, retrieved 17 February 2011. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/15/AR2011021506501.html
  97. "Stuxnet Malware and Natanz: Update of ISIS December 22, 2010 Report". Institute for Science and International Security. 15 February 2011. http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/stuxnet-malware-and-natanz-update-of-isis-december-22-2010-reportsupa-href1/8. 
  98. "Signs of sabotage in Tehran's nuclear programme". Gulf News. 14 July 2010. http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iran/signs-of-sabotage-in-tehran-s-nuclear-programme-1.658481. 
  99. Dan Williams (7 July 2009). "Wary of naked force, Israel eyes cyberwar on Iran". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLV83872. 
  100. Aneja, Atul (26 September 2010). "Under cyber-attack, says Iran". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article797363.ece. 
  101. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in fa). Irinn.ir. http://www.irinn.ir/Default.aspx?TabId=56&nid=193428.
  102. "Stuxnet worm rampaging through Iran: IT official". AFP. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jnTuOwD-HMJB9A8JQUC_-E_o2IYw. 
  103. "IRAN: Speculation on Israeli involvement in malware computer attack". Los Angeles Times. 27 September 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/09/israel-questions-about-the-stuxnet-attack-on-iranian-computers.html. 
  104. Erdbrink, Thomas; Nakashima, Ellen (27 September 2010). "Iran struggling to contain 'foreign-made' 'Stuxnet' computer virus". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/27/AR2010092706229.html. 
  105. "Ahmadinedschad räumt Virus-Attack ein". Der Spiegel. 29 November 2010. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,731881,00.html. Retrieved 29 December 2010. 
  106. "Stuxnet: Ahmadinejad admits cyberweapon hit Iran nuclear program". The Christian Science Monitor. 30 November 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/1130/Stuxnet-Ahmadinejad-admits-cyberweapon-hit-Iran-nuclear-program. 
  107. Zetter, Kim (29 November 2010). "Iran: Computer Malware Sabotaged Uranium Centrifuges | Threat Level". https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/11/stuxnet-sabotage-centrifuges/. 
  108. "US Denies Role in Iranian Scientist's Death". Fox News. 7 April 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/01/11/report-bomb-kills-iran-university-professor/?test=latestnews. 
  109. Monica Amarelo (21 January 2011). "New FAS Report Demonstrates Iran Improved Enrichment in 2010". Federation of American Scientists. https://fas.org/press/news/2011/issuebrief_iran.html. 
  110. "Report: Iran's nuclear capacity unharmed, contrary to U.S. assessment". Haaretz. 22 January 2011. http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/report-iran-s-nuclear-capacity-unharmed-contrary-to-u-s-assessment-1.338522. 
  111. Jeffrey Goldberg (22 January 2011). "Report: Report: Iran's Nuclear Program Going Full Speed Ahead". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/report-irans-nuclear-program-going-full-speed-ahead/70031/. 
  112. "Experts say Iran has "neutralized" Stuxnet virus". Reuters. 14 February 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-stuxnet-idUSTRE81D24Q20120214. 
  113. Beaumont, Peter (30 September 2010). "Stuxnet worm heralds new era of global cyberwar". Guardian.co.uk (London). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/30/stuxnet-worm-new-era-global-cyberwar. 
  114. Sanger, David E. (1 June 2012). "Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all. 
  115. Hounshell, Blake (27 September 2010). "6 mysteries about Stuxnet". Foreign Policy. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  116. "Falkenrath Says Stuxnet Virus May Have Origin in Israel: Video. Bloomberg Television". 24 September 2010. https://finance.yahoo.com/video/marketnews-19148628/falkenrath-says-stuxnet-virus-may-have-origin-in-israel-video-22090127#video=22147179. 
  117. Williams, Dan (15 December 2009). "Spymaster sees Israel as world cyberwar leader". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BE30920091215. 
  118. Dan Williams. "Cyber takes centre stage in Israel's war strategy". Reuters, 28 September 2010. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE68R0GB.htm. 
  119. Antonin Gregoire. "Stuxnet, the real face of cyber warfare". Iloubnan.info, 25 November 2010. http://www.iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/52568/titre/Stuxnet,-the-real-face-of-Cyber-Warfare. 
  120. Broad, William J.; Sanger, David E. (18 November 2010). "Worm in Iran Can Wreck Nuclear Centrifuges". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/19/world/middleeast/19stuxnet.html. 
  121. Williams, Christoper (16 February 2011). "Israeli security chief celebrates Stuxnet cyber attack". The Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8326274/Israeli-security-chief-celebrates-Stuxnet-cyber-attack.html. 
  122. "The U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit". http://www.usccu.us/. 
  123. "A worm in the centrifuge: An unusually sophisticated cyber-weapon is mysterious but important". The Economist. 30 September 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/17147818. 
  124. Sanger, David E. (25 September 2010). "Iran Fights Malware Attacking Computers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26iran.html?_r=2&src=me. 
  125. "Iran/Critical National Infrastructure: Cyber Security Experts See The Hand of Israel's Signals Intelligence Service in The "Stuxnet" Virus Which Has Infected Iranian Nuclear Facilities". Mideastsecurity.co.uk. 1 September 2010. http://www.mideastsecurity.co.uk/?tag=stuxnet-myrtus-myrtle. 
  126. Riddle, Warren (1 October 2010). "Mysterious 'Myrtus' Biblical Reference Spotted in Stuxnet Code". SWITCHED. http://www.switched.com/2010/10/01/mysterious-myrtus-biblical-reference-spotted-in-stuxnet-code/. 
  127. "SCADA Systems Whitepaper". Motorola. https://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/SCADA%20Products/_Documents/Static%20Files/SCADA_Sys_Wht_Ppr-2a_New.pdf. 
  128. "Symantec Puts 'Stuxnet' Malware Under the Knife". PC Magazine. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370107,00.asp. 
  129. Zetter, Kim (1 October 2010). "New Clues Point to Israel as Author of Blockbuster Worm, Or Not". Wired. https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/10/stuxnet-deconstructed/. 
  130. Reals, Tucker (24 September 2010). "Stuxnet Worm a U.S. Cyber-Attack on Iran Nukes?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20017507-501465.html. 
  131. "Snowden Der Spiegel Interview" (in en, de). Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html. Retrieved 3 October 2015. 
  132. Kelley, Michael B. (1 June 2012). "Obama Administration Admits Cyberattacks Against Iran Are Part of Joint US-Israeli Offensive". https://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cyberattacks-us-israeli-against-iran-2012-6. 
  133. Halliday, Josh (18 January 2011). "WikiLeaks: the US advised to sabotage Iran nuclear sites by German thinktank". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/wikileaks-us-embassy-cable-iran-nuclear. 
  134. "U.S. Rejected Aid for Israeli Raid on Iranian Nuclear Site". The New York Times. 10 January 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/washington/11iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. 
  135. Kim Zetter (17 February 2011). "Cyberwar Issues Likely to Be Addressed Only After a Catastrophe". Wired. https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/02/cyberwar-issues-likely-to-be-addressed-only-after-a-catastrophe. Retrieved 18 February 2011. 
  136. Koop, Peter (2013-12-12). "Hoe onderschept de NSA ons dataverkeer?" (in nl). https://decorrespondent.nl/485/hoe-onderschept-de-nsa-ons-dataverkeer/31326229055-d9b3a5cf. 
  137. Chris Carroll (18 October 2011). "Cone of silence surrounds U.S. cyberwarfare". Stars and Stripes. http://www.stripes.com/news/cone-of-silence-surrounds-u-s-cyberwarfare-1.158090. 
  138. John Bumgarner (27 April 2010). "Computers as Weapons of War". IO Journal. http://www.crows.org/images/stories/pdf/IOI/IO%20Journal_Vol2Iss2_0210.pdf. 
  139. Kroft, Steve (4 March 2012). "Stuxnet: Computer worm opens new era of warfare". 60 Minutes (CBS News). http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/. 
  140. CBS News staff (16 April 2011). "Iran blames U.S., Israel for Stuxnet malware" (SHTML). CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/16/501364/main20054574.shtml. 
  141. James Balford (12 June 2013). "The secret war". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/all/. Retrieved 2 June 2014. 
  142. Carr, Jeffrey (14 December 2010). "Stuxnet's Finnish-Chinese Connection". Forbes. https://blogs.forbes.com/firewall/2010/12/14/stuxnets-finnish-chinese-connection/. 
  143. Clayton, Mark (24 September 2010). "Stuxnet worm mystery: What's the cyber weapon after?". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0924/Stuxnet-worm-mystery-What-s-the-cyber-weapon-after. 
  144. "Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S.-Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran". https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html. 
  145. Bob, Yonah Jeremy (2 September 2019). "Secret Dutch mole aided Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuke program – Report". Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Secret-Dutch-mole-aided-Stuxnet-attack-on-Irans-nuke-program-report-600430. 
  146. Gaycken, Sandro (26 November 2010). "Stuxnet: Wer war's? Und wozu?". Die ZEIT. http://www.zeit.de/2010/48/Computerwurm-Stuxnet. 
  147. Hopkins, Nick (31 May 2011). "UK developing cyber-weapons programme to counter cyber war threat". The Guardian (United Kingdom). https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/30/military-cyberwar-offensive. 
  148. "The Global Intelligence Files – Re: [alpha] S3/G3* ISRAEL/IRAN – Barak hails munitions blast in Iran". WikiLeaks. 14 November 2011. https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/185945_re-alpha-s3-g3-israel-iran-barak-hails-munitions-blast-in.html. 
  149. Iain Thomson (8 July 2013). "Snowden: US and Israel Did Create Stuxnet Attack Code". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/08/snowden_us_israel_stuxnet/. 
  150. Menn, Joseph (29 May 2015). "Exclusive: U.S. tried Stuxnet-style campaign against North Korea but failed – sources". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-northkorea-stuxnet-idUSKBN0OE2DM20150529. 
  151. Goud, Naveen (6 November 2018). "Iran says Israel launched Stuxnet 2.0 Cyber Attack". https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/iran-says-israel-launched-stuxnet-2-0-cyber-attack/. 
  152. "Stuxnet's Secret Twin". Foreign Policy. 19 November 2013. https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/19/stuxnets_secret_twin_iran_nukes_cyber_attack. 
  153. "Duqu: A Stuxnet-like malware found in the wild, technical report". Laboratory of Cryptography of Systems Security (CrySyS). 14 October 2011. http://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf. 
  154. "Statement on Duqu's initial analysis". Laboratory of Cryptography of Systems Security (CrySyS). 21 October 2011. http://www.crysys.hu/in-the-press.html. 
  155. "W32.Duqu – The precursor to the next Stuxnet (Version 1.2)". Symantec. 20 October 2011. http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_next_stuxnet.pdf. 
  156. Finkle, Jim (28 December 2011). "Stuxnet weapon has at least 4 cousins: researchers". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-stuxnet-idUSTRE7BR1EV20111228. 
  157. Zetter, Kim (28 May 2012). "Meet 'Flame,' The Massive Spy Malware Infiltrating Iranian Computers". Wired. https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/flame/. 
  158. "Resource 207: Kaspersky Lab Research Proves that Stuxnet and Flame Developers are Connected". Kaspersky Lab. 11 June 2012. http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2012/Resource_207_Kaspersky_Lab_Research_Proves_that_Stuxnet_and_Flame_Developers_are_Connected. 
  159.  , Wikidata Q102046116.
  160.  , Wikidata Q63256454. The Wikipedia article on "World population" said there were approximately 6 billion humans on earth in 1999, with 7.8 billion estimated for 2020. This suggests an annual percentage increase of 1.26 percent, which would give an estimate of 7.1 billion people in 2013, when Helfand's report predicted the deaths of two billion people from a nuclear autumn. Two billion is 28 percent of 7.1 billion, which is just over a quarter. See also  , Wikidata Q58262021.
  161. This claim was made by Daniel Ellsberg, who was a nuclear war planner for US Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon before releasing the Pentagon Papers, which were published in 1971. See  , Wikidata Q64226035.
  162.  , Wikidata Q102046879.
  163. "The Meaning of Stuxnet". The Economist. 30 September 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/17147862. 
  164. Kim Zetter (8 July 2011). "How Digital Detectives Deciphered Stuxnet, the Most Menacing Malware in History". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/. 
  165. Holger Stark (8 August 2011). "Mossad's Miracle Weapon: Stuxnet Virus Opens New Era of Cyber War". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/mossad-s-miracle-weapon-stuxnet-virus-opens-new-era-of-cyber-war-a-778912.html. 
  166. Eddie Walsh (1 January 2012). "2011: The year of domestic cyber threat". Al Jazeera English. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121181245291117.html. 
  167. Vyacheslav Zakorzhevsky (5 October 2010). "Sality & Stuxnet – Not Such a Strange Coincidence". Kaspersky Lab. http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Sality_Stuxnet_Not_Such_a_Strange_Coincidence. 
  168. Ball, James (16 February 2016). "U.S. Hacked into Iran's Critical Civilian Infrastructure For Massive Cyberattack, New Film Claims". BuzzFeed. https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/us-hacked-into-irans-critical-civilian-infrastructure-for-ma. 
  169. Savage, Charlie (17 October 2016). "James Cartwright, Ex-General, Pleads Guilty in Leak Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/marine-general-james-cartwright-leak-fbi.html. 
  170. "World War Three, by Mistake". The New Yorker. 23 December 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/world-war-three-by-mistake. Retrieved 27 December 2016. 
  171. "Splinter Cell Blacklist – Mission 10 "American Fuel"". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o77cNhuoI4A. 
  172. "According to Star Trek: Discovery, Starfleet still runs Microsoft Windows". 3 October 2017. https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/3/16412372/star-trek-discovery-cbs-windows-code-command-line. 
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 7.9K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 30 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback