+1 credit
| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Camila Xu | -- | 1789 | 2022-11-30 01:36:51 |
Video Upload Options
Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, basically by more or less physical forces which shape the development of an animal's body, and sometimes implies that these forces supersede selection altogether. Structuralists have proposed different mechanisms that might have guided the formation of body plans. Before Darwin, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that animals shared homologous parts, and that if one was enlarged, the others would be reduced in compensation. After Darwin, D'Arcy Thompson hinted at vitalism and offered geometric explanations in his classic 1917 book On Growth and Form. Adolf Seilacher suggested mechanical inflation for "pneu" structures in Ediacaran biota fossils such as Dickinsonia. Günter P. Wagner argued for developmental bias, structural constraints on embryonic development. Stuart Kauffman favoured self-organisation, the idea that complex structure emerges holistically and spontaneously from the dynamic interaction of all parts of an organism. Michael Denton argued for laws of form by which Platonic universals or "Types" are self-organised. Stephen J. Gould and Richard Lewontin proposed biological "spandrels", features created as a byproduct of the adaptation of nearby structures. Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman argued that the appearance in the fossil record of most of the current phyla in the Cambrian explosion was "pre-Mendelian"[lower-alpha 1] evolution caused by physical factors. Brian Goodwin, described by Wagner as part of "a fringe movement in evolutionary biology", denies that biological complexity can be reduced to natural selection, and argues that pattern formation is driven by morphogenetic fields. Darwinian biologists have criticised structuralism, emphasising that there is plentiful evidence both that natural selection is effective and, from deep homology, that genes have been involved in shaping organisms throughout evolutionary history. They accept that some structures such as the cell membrane self-assemble, but deny the ability of self-organisation to drive large-scale evolution.
References
- Bowler, Peter J. (1989). The Eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolutionary theories in the decades around 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 261–262, 280–281. ISBN 978-0-8018-4391-4.
- In this, Geoffroy's homologies were like Aristotle's forms.
- Racine, Valerie (7 October 2013). "Essay: The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Arizona State University. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/essay-cuvier-geoffroy-debate.
- Leroi, Armand Marie (2014). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. Bloomsbury. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4088-3622-4.
- Ruse, Michael (2013). "17. From Organicism to Mechanism-and Halfway Back?". in Henning, Brian G.; Scarfe, Adam. Beyond Mechanism: Putting Life Back Into Biology. Lexington Books. p. 419. ISBN 9780739174371. https://books.google.com/books?id=3VtosxAtq-EC.
- Ball, Philip (7 February 2013). "In retrospect: On Growth and Form". Nature 494 (7435): 32–33. doi:10.1038/494032a. Bibcode: 2013Natur.494...32B. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F494032a
- Seilacher, Adolf (1991). "Self-Organizing Mechanisms in Morphogenesis and Evolution". in Schmidt-Kittler, Norbert; Vogel, Klaus. Constructional Morphology and Evolution. Springer. pp. 251–271. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76156-0_17. ISBN 978-3-642-76158-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-76156-0_17
- Seilacher, Adolf (July 1989). "Vendozoa: Organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere". Lethaia 22 (3): 229–239. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01332.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1989.tb01332.x
- Wagner, Günter P., Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press. 2014. ISBN:978-0691156460. Pages 7–38, 125
- Simpson, Carl; Erwin, Douglas H. (quoted). "Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation Günter P. Wagner". Princeton University Press. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10283.html.
- Brown, Rachael L. (November 2015). "Why development matters". Biology & Philosophy 30 (6): 889–899. doi:10.1007/s10539-015-9488-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10539-015-9488-9
- Muller, G. B.; Wagner, G. P. (1991). "Novelty in Evolution: Restructuring the Concept". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22 (1): 229–256. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.001305. ISSN 0066-4162. http://homepage.univie.ac.at/brian.metscher/MuellerWagner91_InnovConcept.pdf.
- Fox, Ronald F. (December 1993). "Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution". Biophys. J. 65 (6): 2698–2699. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3. Bibcode: 1993BpJ....65.2698F. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1226010
- Universals are central to the Ancient Greece theory, Platonic realism.[13] https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Greece
- Denton, Michael J. (August 2013). "The Types: A Persistent Structuralist Challenge to Darwinian Pan-Selectionism". BIO-Complexity 2013 (3). doi:10.5048/BIO-C.2013.3. http://bio-complexity.org/ojs/index.php/main/article/view/BIO-C.2013.3.
- Moran, Laurence A. (2016-02-02). "What is "Structuralism"?". http://sandwalk.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/what-is-structuralism.html.
- Stephen Jay Gould; Richard Lewontin (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205 (1161): 581–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086. PMID 42062. Bibcode: 1979RSPSB.205..581G. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1979.0086
- Erwin, Douglas H. (September 2011). "Evolutionary uniformitarianism". Developmental Biology 357 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.020. PMID 21276788. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2011.01.020
- Müller, Gerd B.; Newman, Stuart A. (2005). "The innovation triad: an EvoDevo agenda". J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev Evol) 304B (6): 487–503. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21081. PMID 16299770. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.b.21081
- Newman, Stuart A.; Forgacs, Gabor; Müller, Gerd B. (2006). "Before programs: The physical origination of multicellular forms". The International Journal of Developmental Biology 50 (2–3): 289–299. doi:10.1387/ijdb.052049sn. PMID 16479496. https://dx.doi.org/10.1387%2Fijdb.052049sn
- King, Nicole (2004). "The Unicellular Ancestry of Animal Development". Developmental Cell 7 (3): 313–325. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.08.010. PMID 15363407. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.08.010
- Goodwin, Brian (2009). Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674062214.
- Price, Catherine S. C.; Goodwin, Brian (1995). "Structurally Unsound". Evolution 49 (6): 1298. doi:10.2307/2410461. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2410461
- Wake, David B. (1996). "How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity by Brian Goodwin". American Scientist 84 (3): 300–301.
- Brian Goodwin obituary - The Guardian, 9 August 2009 https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/aug/09/brian-goodwin-obituary
- Dickinson, W. Joseph (1998). "Form and Transformation: Generative and Relational Principles in Biology. by Gerry Webster; Brian Goodwin". The Quarterly Review of Biology 73 (1): 62–63. doi:10.1086/420070. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F420070
- Dawkins, Richard (1 May 1996). "Chapter 3 "A Survival Machine"". Edge. https://www.edge.org/conversation/richard_dawkins-chapter-3-a-survival-machine.
- Griffiths, Paul E. (1996). "Darwinism, Process Structuralism, and Natural Kinds". Philosophy of Science 63: S1–S9. doi:10.1086/289930. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F289930
- The artist Theodore Cook's The Curves of Life, Constable, 1914 to some extent anticipated D'Arcy Thompson, exploring spirals in art and nature. https://archive.org/details/cu31924028937179
- Held's final point was that the cracks in the crocodile's skin are genuinely explained by cracking, unlike all the other examples he lists.[28]
- Held, Lewis Irving (2014). How the snake lost its legs: curious tales from the frontier of evo-devo. Cambridge, United Kingdom New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-107-62139-8.
