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HandWiki. Observer Effect. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37107 (accessed on 02 October 2026).
HandWiki. Observer Effect. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37107. Accessed October 02, 2026.
HandWiki. "Observer Effect" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37107 (accessed October 02, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). Observer Effect. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37107
HandWiki. "Observer Effect." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
Observer Effect
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In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This is often the result of instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A common example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. Similarly, seeing non-luminous objects requires light hitting the object, and causing it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change. This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to insignificance by using different instruments or observation techniques. A notable example of the observer effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that observation of quantum phenomena can change the measured results of this experiment. Despite the "observer effect" in the double-slit experiment being caused by the presence of an electronic detector, the experiment's results have been misinterpreted by some to suggest that a conscious mind can directly affect reality. The need for the "observer" to be conscious is not supported by scientific research, and has been pointed out as a misconception rooted in a poor understanding of the quantum wave function ψ and the quantum measurement process.

double-slit experiment quantum measurement wave function

References

  1. Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. §7, §44. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1. https://archive.org/details/QuantumMechanics_104. 
  2. B.D'Espagnat, P.Eberhard, W.Schommers, F.Selleri. Quantum Theory and Pictures of Reality. Springer-Verlag, 1989, ISBN:3-540-50152-5
  3. Schlosshauer, Maximilian (2005). "Decoherence, the measurement problem, and interpretations of quantum mechanics". Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (4): 1267–1305. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.1267. Bibcode: 2004RvMP...76.1267S. http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v76/i4/p1267_1. Retrieved 28 February 2013. 
  4. Giacosa, Francesco (2014). "On unitary evolution and collapse in quantum mechanics". Quanta 3 (1): 156–170. doi:10.12743/quanta.v3i1.26. http://quanta.ws/ojs/index.php/quanta/article/view/26. 
  5. V. P. Belavkin (1989). "A new wave equation for a continuous non-demolition measurement". Physics Letters A 140 (7–8): 355–358. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(89)90066-2. Bibcode: 1989PhLA..140..355B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0375-9601%2889%2990066-2
  6. Howard J. Carmichael (1993). An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics. Berlin Heidelberg New-York: Springer-Verlag. 
  7. Michel Bauer; Denis Bernard; Tristan Benoist. Iterated Stochastic Measurements (Technical report). arXiv:1210.0425. Bibcode:2012JPhA...45W4020B. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/45/49/494020. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhA...45W4020B
  8. Kim, Yoon-Ho; R. Yu; S.P. Kulik; Y.H. Shih; Marlan Scully (2000). "A Delayed "Choice" Quantum Eraser". Physical Review Letters 84 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1. PMID 11015820. Bibcode: 2000PhRvL..84....1K.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.1
  9. Furuta, Aya. "One Thing Is Certain: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Is Not Dead" (in en). Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle-is-not-dead/. 
  10. Heisenberg, W. (1930), Physikalische Prinzipien der Quantentheorie, Leipzig: Hirzel English translation The Physical Principles of Quantum Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930. reprinted Dover 1949
  11. Ozawa, Masanao (2003), "Universally valid reformulation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on noise and disturbance in measurement", Physical Review A 67 (4): 042105, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.67.042105, Bibcode: 2003PhRvA..67d2105O  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.67.042105
  12. V. P. Belavkin (1992). "Quantum continual measurements and a posteriori collapse on CCR". Communications in Mathematical Physics 146 (3): 611–635. doi:10.1007/BF02097018. Bibcode: 1992CMaPh.146..611B.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02097018
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