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HandWiki. Civilian. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37086 (accessed on 02 October 2026).
HandWiki. Civilian. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37086. Accessed October 02, 2026.
HandWiki. "Civilian" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37086 (accessed October 02, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). Civilian. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37086
HandWiki. "Civilian." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
Civilian
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Civilian

Civilians under international humanitarian law are "persons who are not members of the armed forces" and are not "combatants if they [do not] carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war". It is slightly different from a non-combatant, as some non-combatants are not civilians (for example, military chaplains attached to the belligerent party or military personnel serving with a neutral country). Civilians in the territories of a party to an armed conflict are entitled to certain privileges under the customary laws of war and international treaties such as the Fourth Geneva Convention. The privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one (a civil war) or an international one. In some nations, uniformed members of civilian police or fire departments colloquially refer to members of the public as civilians.

international law humanitarian law armed conflict

References

  1. "the definition of civilian". http://dictionary.reference.com/etymology/civilian. 
  2. Jean Pictet (ed.) – Commentary on Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1958) , p. 51. 1994 reprint edition. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/380-600007?OpenDocument
  3. The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism official statement by the ICRC 21 July 2005 http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/terrorism-ihl-210705
  4. "Armed Forces Act 2006, Section 357". HM Government. 1 October 2010. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/52/section/367. 
  5. "UCMJ, 64 Stat. 109, 10 U.S.C. § 802". Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/802. 
  6. "Customary IHL - Rule 5. Definition of Civilians". https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule5. 
  7. "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. DEFINITION OF CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN POPULATION". International Committee of the Red Cross. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750064?OpenDocument. 
  8. Hugo Slim, Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War, Hurst, London, 2008.
  9. Slim, Hugo (2003). "Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity, and Enmity in War". International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 79 (3): 481–501. 
  10. Kahnert, M., D. Pitt, et al., Eds. (1983). Children and War: Proceedings of Symposium at Siuntio Baths, Finland, 1983. Geneva and Helsinki, Geneva International Peace Research Institute, IPB and Peace Union of Finland, p. 5, which states: "Of the human victims in the First World War only 5% were civilians, in the Second World War already 50%, in Vietnam War between 50 - 90% and according to some information in Lebanon 97%. It has been appraised that in a conventional war in Europe up to 99% of the victims would be civilians."
  11. Graça Machel, "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, Report of the expert of the Secretary-General, 26 Aug 1996, p. 9. http://www.unicef.org/graca/a51-306_en.pdf
  12. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 107. https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=XVgVstFi0XUC&dq=mary+kaldor&q=90+per+cent#v=snippet&q=90%20per%20cent&f=false
  13. Howard Zinn, Moises Samam, Gino Strada. Just war, Charta, 2005, p. 38.
  14. Adam Roberts, "Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?", Survival, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35. Print edition ISSN 0039-6338. Online ISSN 1468-2699. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396338.2010.494880
  15. Adam Roberts, "The Civilian in Modern War", Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 12, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, pp. 13–51. ISBN:978-90-6704-335-9; ISSN 1389-1359. One part of this article, relating to casualties, also appeared in Survival, June–July 2010, as footnoted above.
  16. Ian Brownlie, African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia, C. Hurst, London, for Royal Institute of International Affairs, pp. 149-59 gives a useful account of the background and origin of the dispute over Western Sahara.
  17. See for example the chapters on the anti-Marcos movement in the Philippines (by Amado Mendoza) and on resistance against apartheid in South Africa (by Tom Lodge) in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009 [1], pp. 179-96 and 213-30.
  18. "IHL Primer #1 - What is IHL?". International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative. July 2009. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/8F686F64C1565B094925762E0019587D-Full_Report.pdf. 
  19. Holt, Victoria K.; Berkman, Tobias C. (2006). The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations. The Henry L. Stimson Center. pp. 9. ISBN 9780977002306. 
  20. Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010). "The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur". Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series Paper No. 63: 14. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp63-au-un-civilian-protection-challenges-darfur-2010.pdf. 
  21. Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010). "The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur". Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series Paper No. 63: 17. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp63-au-un-civilian-protection-challenges-darfur-2010.pdf. 
  22. "UN Security Council Report No 4: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict". http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/research-reports/lookup-c-glKWLeMTIsG-b-5556213.php. 
  23. Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010). "The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur". Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series Paper No. 63: 8. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp63-au-un-civilian-protection-challenges-darfur-2010.pdf. 
  24. "African Union stresses importance of conflict resolution and peacekeeping". IRNI News. 28 June 2004. http://www.irinnews.org/news/2004/06/28. 
  25. Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010). "The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur". Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series Paper No. 63: 9. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp63-au-un-civilian-protection-challenges-darfur-2010.pdf. 
  26. Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010). "The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur". Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series Paper No. 63: 11. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/wp63-au-un-civilian-protection-challenges-darfur-2010.pdf. 
  27. "The Police (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2012". 2012. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1204/made. "(2) In these Regulations—.....“police officer” means a member of a police force or special constable; “police staff member” means—(a) a member of the civilian staff of a police force, including the metropolitan police force, within the meaning of section 102(4) and (6) of the 2011 Act" 
  28. "Civilian Law Enforcement". https://www.discoverpolicing.org/explore-the-field/civilian-law-enforcement/. 
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