1. History

1.1. Birth under the Short Brothers

The site started life as a private venture when aircraft manufacturing company Short Brothers bought land there to build airships for the Admiralty. It constructed a 700-foot-long (210 m) Airship hangar (the No. 1 Shed) in 1915 to enable it to build two rigid airships, the R-31 and the R-32. Short also built a housing estate, opposite the site, which it named Shortstown.

1.2. Royal Airship Works

The airships site was nationalised in April 1919, becoming known as the Royal Airship Works.

In preparation for the R101 project the No 1 shed was extended between October 1924 and March 1926; its roof was raised by 35 feet and its length increased to 812 feet. The No. 2 shed (Southern shed), which had originally been located at RNAS Pulham, Norfolk, was dismantled in 1928 and re-erected at Cardington.^[1]

After the crash of the R101, in October 1930, all work stopped in Britain on airships. Cardington then became a storage station.

In 1936/1937 Cardington started building barrage balloons; and it became the No 1 Royal Air Force Balloon Training Unit responsible for the storage and training of balloon operators and drivers. In 1943 until 1967 it was home to the RAF Meteorological research balloons-training unit, undertaking development and storage^[1] (after 1967 this was undertaken by the Royal Aircraft Establishment).

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  WAAF Barrage Balloon crews at RAF Cardington. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1553171

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• Cardington 2003. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1808515

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  Restored Fordson Sussex Balloon Winch Tender. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1468914

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  Rear view of Fordson Sussex on display at the RAF Museum Hendon. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1218109

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  Balloons over London. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1275789

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  One of the two Cardington sheds with people in the foreground for scale. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1738886

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  Hangar 2 (the RNAS shed from Pulham, Norfolk). https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1538793

1.3. Post Airship Use

The two airship sheds ceased being part of the RAF Cardington site in the late 1940s and they were put to other uses. The fence was moved, so they were outside the main RAF Cardington site.

In the 1950s, during the time of National Service, RAF Cardington was the reception unit, where thousands of recruits went to be issued with their kit.^[2] The Parachute Regiment was stationed there as one of the hangars housed the balloons from which trainees made their first drops. In 1954 RAF Maintenance Command used Shed No.1 for its rehearsals for the Royal Tournament. The Royal Engineers also used Shed No.1 for its rehearsals for the 1987 Royal Tournament.

Hangar 1 was used by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) to operate balloons on behalf of the Met Office carrying instruments to measure conditions in the atmosphere. The balloons were also used in parachute development (although they were unmanned – using a heavy dead weight); much of this work was carried out in secret.

For both airships and barrage balloons, Cardington manufactured its own hydrogen, in the Gas Factory, using the steam reforming process. In 1948 the Gas Factory became 279 MU (Maintenance Unit), RAF Cardington; and then, in 1955, 217 MU.

217 MU, RAF Cardington, produced all the gases used by the Royal Air Force until its closure in April 2000; including gas cylinder filling and maintenance.

2. Post Military Use

2.1. Driving Standards Agency (DSA)

The northern part of the site has for many years been used by the UK Government Driving Standards Agency Training and Development Centre to train Driving Examiners.^[3]

2.2. Building Research Establishment

In 1971 Hangar 2 became the Fire Research Station (part of the Home Office) which conducted gas explosion experiments and for investigating fires, a 20 lease being given by the MoD. Full scale testing and fire research was undertaken from 1989.^[1] In 1990 the facility was transferred to Building Research Establishment as a whole building test facility for the Cardington tests. Here, multi-storey steel, concrete and wooden buildings were constructed and then destructively tested within the huge space available. This shed was repainted and maintained in comparison with Shed 1.

The buildings tests were mentioned during the course of the BBC series The Conspiracy Files as evidence in the controversy surrounding the collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 on 11 September 2001.^[4]

2.3. Meteorological Research Unit

The Met Office association with the site continues by maintaining a Meteorological Research Unit (MRU), this is responsible for conducting research into part of the atmosphere called the boundary layer by using a tethered balloon which is kept in a small portable hangar.^[5]

2.4. Indoor Model Aircraft Flying

By the kind support of Lord Brabazon, fliers of extreme lightweight high-performance indoor flying models obtained access over a period of over 40 years. Four world championships were held in the 1970s and 1980s for teams from across Europe and the United States. Record flights were made of over 45 minutes under the highest available ceiling in the UK.

2.5. 134 (Bedford) Squadron, Air Training Corps

134 Sqn of the Air Training Corps has been based since 1953^[6] within the former RAF Cardington site. As part of the redevelopment, a new Squadron headquarters has been built.^[7]

2.6. Airships return to Cardington

A company called Airship Industries tried to revive the fortunes of the airship industry in the Shed 1 (on closure of the RAE operation) in the 1980s,^[8] but the efforts ended in failure. As of 2016, the site was being used for the development of a hybrid airship, the Airlander 10, by the company Hybrid Air Vehicles.^[9]

Cardington Airship Sheds (Shed 1). https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1844307

3. Film and Television

In 1993 planning permission was granted for construction of theatrical stagings and the site was used for rehearsals by musicians including Paul McCartney Band on the Run: 25th Anniversary Edition, U2, Rod Stewart, One Direction, Take That and AC/DC.^[10]

In 1968 some scenes for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang were filmed at Cardington Sheds.^[11] Also during the 1960s, much of the film Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines was shot in the vicinity of the village. In 1971 the sheds appeared in the First World War war film Zeppelin starring Michael York.

The Star Wars film series has used both Sheds 1 and 2 for filming. Shed 1 was used to represent the Rebel base on Yavin 4 in the original 1977 film, and Shed 2 was also used for the Yavin base in the 2016 spinoff film Rogue One.^[12][13]

Shed 2 has recently been leased to Warner Bros. and is used as a studio for film and television productions. Director Christopher Nolan has used this location to film scenes for three of his movies; scenes from Batman Begins, The Dark Knight,^[14] and Inception^[15] were filmed in Shed 2. Christopher Nolan returned to this location during the summer of 2011 to film the Plane Scene for his third and final Batman film, The Dark Knight Rises.^[16][17]

The film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow was filmed at Cardington in 2004.^[14]

Rihanna filmed parts of her music video for 'Shut up and drive' there.

In Series 14 Episode 3 of the motoring show Top Gear presenter James May used Cardington as the base for his 'Caravan Airship'. ^[18]

Three Warner Bros. films were shot in the sheds along with Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden were: Pan, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Justice League.

4. In Popular Culture

In the children's science fiction novel Sister Ships and Alastair by Dominic Green, the Cardington airship sheds are the visible front of a vast underground complex equipping spaceships of the fictional Royal Space Force with cobalt bombs.

One of the hangars is featured in the opening scene of the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises.

5. New Cardington Development

Construction company Bellway Homes has bought most of the RAF Cardington site and is building 1000 new homes on the site.^[19]

6. Restoration of Hangar 1

English Heritage deemed Hangar Number 1 at RAF Cardington to be at risk in 2007,^[20] needing complete repair and refurbishment.^[21] In October 2015 restoration of the hangars was completed and they were unveiled to the public.^[22][23]