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HandWiki. Scholarly Interpretation of Gospel-Elements. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36874 (accessed on 02 October 2026).
HandWiki. Scholarly Interpretation of Gospel-Elements. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36874. Accessed October 02, 2026.
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HandWiki. "Scholarly Interpretation of Gospel-Elements." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 November, 2022.
Scholarly Interpretation of Gospel-Elements
Edit

Scholars have given various interpretations of the elements of the Gospel-stories.

gospel-stories

References

  1. Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN:0-931464-50-1 pages 113-129
  2. The Lion and the Lamb by Andreas J. Kostenberger, L. Scott Kellum and Charles L Quarles (Jul 15, 2012) ISBN:1433677083 page 40
  3. Craig Evans, 2006 "Josephus on John the Baptist" in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press ISBN:9780691009926 pages 55-58
  4. Herodias: at home in that fox's den by Florence Morgan Gillman 2003 ISBN:0-8146-5108-9 pages 25-30
  5. The new complete works of Josephus by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier ISBN:0825429242 pages 662-663
  6. Herod Antipas by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 ISBN:0-310-42251-5 pages 125-127
  7. Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 ISBN:1-56338-347-0 pages 302-303
  8. Hoehner, Harold W (1978). Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. Zondervan. pp. 29–37. ISBN 0-310-26211-9. 
  9. Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN:0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45
  10. The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN:0-415-30585-3 page 108
  11. Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN:0-8028-2221-5 page 416
  12. Craig S. Keener in The Blackwell Companion to Paul edited by Stephen Westerholm 2011 ISBN:1405188448 page 51
  13. Paul and His Letters by John B. Polhill 1999 ISBN:0-8054-1097-X pages 49-50
  14. The Cambridge Companion to St Paul by James D. G. Dunn (Nov 10, 2003) Cambridge Univ Press ISBN:0521786940 page 20
  15. Paul: his letters and his theology by Stanley B. Marrow 1986 ISBN:0-8091-2744-X pages 45-49
  16. Chronos, Kairos, Christos by Jerry Vardaman and Edwin M. Yamauchi (Aug 1989) ISBN:0931464501 page 211
  17. Pratt, J. P. (1991). "Newton's Date for the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 32 (3): 301–304. Bibcode: 1991QJRAS..32..301P.  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QJRAS..32..301P
  18. Humphreys, Colin J.; W. G. Waddington (December 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature 306 (5945): 743–746. doi:10.1038/306743a0. Bibcode: 1983Natur.306..743H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F306743a0
  19. Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN:978-0-521-73200-0, page 13
  20. The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN:978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114
  21. Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN:0-8308-2699-8 pages 19-21
  22. Sanders (1993). pp. 11, 249.
  23. Fredriksen, Paula (1988). From Jesus to Christ ISBN:0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii
  24. Sanders, E.P. (1987). Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press ISBN:0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9
  25. John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN:0-674-39731-2, page 251
  26. Chronicle of Jewish History from the Patriarchs to the 21st Century by Sol Scharfstein and Dorcas Gelabert (Oct 1997) ISBN:0881256064 page 85
  27. "Pharisees." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  28. A Guide Through the New Testament by Celia B. Sinclair (May 1, 1994) ISBN:0664254845 page 21
  29. Jesus: the complete guide by Leslie Houlden 2006 082648011X pages 63-100
  30. Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach by Clive Erricker 1987 ISBN:0-7188-2634-5 page 44
  31. Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall, Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (InterVarsity Press, 1992), page 442
  32. James Barr, Which language did Jesus speak, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 1970; 53(1) pages 9–29 [1]
  33. Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament by Stanley E. Porter 1997 ISBN:90-04-09921-2 pages 110–112
  34. Discovering the language of Jesus by Douglas Hamp 2005 ISBN:1-59751-017-3 page 3-4
  35. Jesus in history and myth by R. Joseph Hoffmann 1986 ISBN:0-87975-332-3 page 98
  36. Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN:0-8028-3931-2 pages 313-315
  37. Jewish Encyclopedia: Galilee: Characteristics of Galileans: " http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=G&search=Galileans#132
  38. Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship by Shawn Kelley 2002 ISBN:0-415-28373-6 pages 70-73
  39. The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN:0-521-79324-6 pages 44-45
  40. The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN:0-521-79324-6 page 18
  41. The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France by Stephen Perkinson 2009 ISBN:0-226-65879-1 page 30
  42. Amy-Jill Levine in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN:978-0-691-00992-6 page 10
  43. Matthew 13:55 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13%3A55&version=NRSV
  44. Dickson, John. Jesus: A Short Life, Lion Hudson, 2008, ISBN:0-8254-7802-2, page 47
  45. Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN:1-59333-313-7 page 68
  46. Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN:1-59333-313-7 pages 74-77
  47. Jesus the Jew: a historian's reading of the Gospels by Jeza Vermes 1983 ISBN SBN: 0961614846 page 21
  48. Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN:978-0-06-073817-4
  49. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. “Contexts,” p 1-24.
  50. Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)
  51. Sanders terms it a "minor village." Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 104
  52. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed (May 1, 2002) ISBN:1563383942 pages 131-134
  53. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed (May 1, 2002) ISBN:1563383942 pages 114-117
  54. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Q-Z) by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Jan 31, 1995) ISBN:0802837840 page 50
  55. The Gospel of Mark by John R. Donahue and Daniel J., S.J. Harrington (Jan 1, 2002) ISBN:0814659659 pages 60-61
  56. Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance, and Tradition in Q by Richard A. Horsley and Jonathan A. Draper (Nov 1, 1999) ISBN:1563382725 page 127
  57. Theissen and Merz 1998, p. 354 (for example, Mark 1.39, 2.25, 12.10; Matt. 12.5, 19.4, 21.16; Luke 4.16; and John 7.15)
  58. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "What do we really know about Jesus" p. 527-534.
  59. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. p. 147
  60. In The Cambridge Companion to Jesus edited by Markus Bockmuehl (Dec 3, 2001) ISBN:0521796784 page 14
  61. In The Cambridge Companion to Jesus edited by Markus Bockmuehl (Dec 3, 2001) ISBN:0521796784 page 21
  62. John Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 1991 ISBN:0300140185 page 278
  63. Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible defines a miracle as "an event in the external world brought about by the immediate agency or the simple volition of God." It goes on to add that a miracle occurs to show that the power behind it is not limited to the laws of matter or mind as it interrupts fixed natural laws. So the term supernatural applies quite accurately. Elwell, Walter A., ed (2001). Baker Theological Dictionary of the Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801022562. 
  64. Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study (InterVarsity Press, 1999) page 263.
  65. H. Van der Loos, 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands.
  66. Evans, C. A. (2002). Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. p. 12. ISBN 0391041649. https://books.google.com/books?id=QRP1wF2b2V8C&pg=PA12. 
  67. Charlesworth, James H; Rhea, Brian; Pokorny, Petr (2014). Jesus Research: New Methodologies and Perceptions. p. 875. ISBN 9780802867285. https://books.google.com/books?id=GZOtAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA875. 
  68. Twelftree, Graham H. (1999). Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study. InterVarsity Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780830815968. https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah. 
  69. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. Chapter 15, Jesus' view of his role in God's plan.
  70. Bray, Gerald (2012). God Is Love: A Biblical and Systematic Theology. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. ISBN 978-1-4335-2269-7. 
  71. Ehrman, Bart (2014). How Jesus Became God: the Exaltation of a Jewish preacher from Galilee. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06177-819-3. 
  72. Kittredge, Cynthia Briggs (2012). "Feminist approaches: Rethinking history and resisting ideologies". in Marchal, Joseph A.. Studying Paul's Letters: Contemporary Perspectives and Methods. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-1173-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=03GKBFBiWH8C. 
  73. Ehrman, Bart D. (2014). How Jesus Became God : the Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee. New York: Harper One. ISBN 978-0-06177-819-3. 
  74. Theissen, Gerd; and Merz, Annette. The historical Jesus: A comprehensive guide. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 1998. Tr from German (1996 edition). p. 464.
  75. Gathercole, Simon J. (2006). The Preexistant Son. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2901-6. 
  76. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The gospel of Jesus: according to the Jesus Seminar. HarperSanFrancisco. 1999.
  77. Brown, Raymond E. (1990). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-614934-0. 
  78. Vermes, Geza Jesus the Jew, Fortress Press, New York 1981. p. 209
  79. Paolo Flores d'Arcais, MicroMega 3/2007, p. 43
  80. Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (2005). The historical Jesus in recent research Volume 10 of Sources for biblical and theological study. Eisenbrauns. p. 325. ISBN 978-1575061009. https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA325. 
  81. Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–310
  82. "[T]here is no reason to think that Jesus was called God in the earliest layers of New Testament tradition." in "Does the New Testament call Jesus God?" in Theological Studies, 26, (1965) pp. 545–573
  83. John Hick, The Metaphor of God Incarnate, p. 27: "A further point of broad agreement among New Testament scholars ... is that the historical Jesus did not make the claim to deity that later Christian thought was to make for him: he did not understand himself to be God, or God the Son, incarnate. ... such evidence as there is has led the historians of the era to conclude, with an impressive degree of unanimity, that Jesus did not claim to be God incarnate."; Gerd Lüdemann, "An Embarrassing Misrepresentation", Free Inquiry, October / November 2007: "the broad consensus of modern New Testament scholars that the proclamation of Jesus' exalted nature was in large measure the creation of the earliest Christian communities."
  84. Andrew Ter Ern Loke, The Origin of Divine Christology (Cambridge University Press. 2017), Chapter 6
  85. "Jesus Christ." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  86. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998.
  87. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. p. 146
  88. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. John the Baptist cameo. p. 268
  89. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 178
  90. See Matthew 11:7–10. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. p. 146
  91. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998.
  92. Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Historical Jesus" pp. 255–260
  93. following the conclusion of Josephus' Antiquities 18.5: "Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it would be too late." http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html
  94. Mark 7:24–30 https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark+7:24–7:30&version=nrsv
  95. Introduction. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
  96. First: John 2:13 and 2:23; second: John 6:4; third: John 11:55, 12:1, 13:1, 18:28, 18:39, 19:14 https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John.2:13–2:13
  97. Richard L. Niswonger, New Testament History, Zondervan, 1993, p. 152
  98. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D, Wm. B. Eerdmans 1995 p. 682 https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC
  99. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 13
  100. Jesus Seminar Phase 1: Sayings of Jesus https://www.westarinstitute.org/projects/the-jesus-seminar/jesus-seminar-phase-1-sayings-of-jesus/
  101. The Jesus Seminar: Decisions of Authenticity http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/jsem.html
  102. The Authentic Sayings of Jesus of Nazareth http://www.fchj.com/sayings.asp
  103. Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 1. The quest of the historical Jesus. pp. 1–15.
  104. Ehrman, Bart. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford. 1999. p. 127.
  105. Meier, John P. (1999). "The Present State of the 'Third Quest' for the Historical Jesus: Loss and Gain". Biblica 80: 482. https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-80-1999/the-present-state-of-the-145-third-quest-146-for-the-historical-jesus-loss-and-gain/333/article-p482.html. Retrieved 2018-09-20. 
  106. Geddert, T. J. (1992). "Apocalyptic Teaching". in Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1777-1. 
  107. Hogeterp, Albert L. A. (2009). Expectations of the End: A Comparative Traditio-Historical Study of Eschatological, Apocalyptic, and Messianic Ideas in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament. Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17177-0. 
  108. Allison Jr., Dale C. (1992). "Eschatology". in Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1777-1. 
  109. Stein, Robert H. (2014). Jesus, the Temple and the Coming Son of Man: A Commentary on Mark 13. Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic. ISBN 978-0-8308-4058-8. 
  110. Fountain, J. Richard (2016). Eschatological Relationships and Jesus in Ben F. Meyer, N. T. Wright, and Progressive Dispensationalism. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-4982-8594-0. 
  111. Geerhardus Vos, Geerhardus Vos (1979). The Pauline Eschatology. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P & R Publishing. ISBN 978-0875525051. 
  112. Geza Vermes. The Authentic Gospels of Jesus. Penguin, 2003. p. 381.
  113. E. P. Sanders. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993.
  114. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "God's Imperial Rule: Present or Future," pp. 136–137.
  115. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. Introduction, pp. 1–30.
  116. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. pp. 103–104.
  117. Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press, USA. 2006. ISBN:0-19-530013-0
  118. Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans, Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research (Brill, 1998 ISBN:9004111425, 9789004111424), p. 136 https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC
  119. Catherine M. Murphy, The Historical Jesus for Dummies 2007 ISBN:0470167858, 9780470167854, p. 23 https://books.google.com/books?id=SXB8Za7_f-UC
  120. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Mark," p 39–127.
  121. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
  122. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 221.
  123. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 220.
  124. Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. p. 221.
  125. Bart D. Ehrman, Fact and Fiction in the Da Vinci Code p. 144
  126. Jewish Encyclopedia: Essenes: "The similarity in many respects between Christianity and Essenism is striking: There were the same communism (Acts iv. 34–35); the same belief in baptism or bathing, and in the power of prophecy; the same aversion to marriage, enhanced by firmer belief in the Messianic advent; the same system of organization, and the same rules for the traveling brethren delegated to charity-work (see Apostle and Apostleship); and, above all, the same love-feasts or brotherly meals (comp. Agape; Didascalia)." http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=478&letter=E&search=Essenes
  127. Eisenmann, Robert "James the Brother of Jesus"
  128. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 249
  129. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. pp. 249–275
  130. The Jesus Seminar concurs that the temple incident led to Jesus' execution.
  131. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church reports that "it is possible" that the temple disturbance led to Jesus' arrest, offers no alternative reason, and states more generally that a political rather than religious motivation was likely behind it. "Jesus Christ." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  132. Ehrman 1999, pp. 221–223
  133. Are You the One? The Textual Dynamics of Messianic Self-Identity http://www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu/jdtabor/RUthe1.html
  134. Brown 1993, vol. 1, pp. 711–712; Funk 1998, pp. 152–153
  135. Barrett, CK 'The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes', Westminster John Knox Press, 1978, p. 49, 'The alleged contraventions of Jewish law seem to rest upon misunderstandings of Jewish texts'
  136. Barrett, CK 'The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes', Westminster John Knox Press, 1978, pp. 49–50, 'The explanation is that special circumstances were regularly allowed to modify the course of the law. For example, Simeon b. Shetah (fl. 104–69 BC) caused to be hanged 80 women (witches) in one day, though it was against the law to judge more than two. 'The hour demanded it' (Sanhedrin 6.4, Y. Sanhedrin 6,235c,58). Nisan 15, so far from being an unlikely day, was one of the best possible days for the execution of Jesus. The regulation for the condemnation of a 'rebellious teacher' runs: 'He was kept in guard until one of the Feasts (Passover, Pentecost, or Tabernacles) and he was put to death on one of the Feasts, for it is written, And all the people shall hear and fear, and do no more presumptuously (Deuteronomy 17.13)' (Sanhedrin 11.4). There was only one day on which 'all the people' were gathered together in Jerusalem for the Passover; it was Nisan 15, the Marcan date for the crucifixion.'
  137. Fredriksen, Paula. (2000) From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ. Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 122 ISBN:0300084579
  138. Craig A. Evans, "The Silence of Burial" in Jesus, the Final Days Ed. Troy A. Miller. p. 68
  139. Crossan 1994, pp. 154–158; cf. Ehrman 1999, p. 229
  140. N. T. Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996), p. 49; who wrote "[Crossan's hypothesis] has not been accepted yet by any other serious scholar."
  141. Ben Meyer, critical notice of The Historical Jesus, by John Dominic Crossan, Catholic Biblical Quarterly 55 (1993): 575
  142. Helmut Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels (London: SCM, 1990), p. 220.
  143. G. Habermas, The Historical Jesus, (College Press, 1996) p. 128; he observed that the Jewish polemic is recorded in Matthew 28:11–15 and was employed through the second century, cf. Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, 108; Tertullian, On Spectacles, 30 https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew+28:11–28:15&version=nrsv
  144. G. Habermas, The Historical Jesus, (College Press, 1996) p. 173; cf. Vasilius Tzaferis, "Jewish Tombs At and Near Giv'at ha-Mivtar", Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1970) pp. 38–59".
  145. Brown 1993, vol. 2, ch. 46
  146. e.g. Paul L. Maier, "The Empty Tomb as History", in Christianity Today, March, 1975, p. 5
  147. Mark W. Waterman, The Empty Tomb Tradition of Mark: Text, History, and Theological Struggles (Los Angeles: Agathos Press, 2006) pp. 211–212
  148. M. Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels (New York: Scribner's, 1977) p. 176
  149. Borg, Marcus J. "Thinking About Easter" Bible Review. April 1994, p. 15, 49
  150. Theissen, Gerd; and Merz, Annette. The historical Jesus: A comprehensive guide. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 1998. Tr from German (1996 edition). p. 503. ISBN:978-0-8006-3123-9
  151. Bruce Metzger;New Testament Tools and Studies Vol.10; p. 89; Brill.
  152. Licona, Michael R. (2010). The Resurrection of Jesus. p. 582. 
  153. Funk, Robert W (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. A Polebridge Press Book from Harper San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-062978-9. https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe. 
  154. "Jesus Christ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Jan. 2007
  155. McGrew, Timothy, "Miracles", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/Flew, Antony, 1966, God and Philosophy, London: Hutchinson.Ehrman, Bart D., 2003, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3rd ed., New York: Oxford University Press.Bradley, Francis Herbert, 1874, “The Presuppositions of Critical History,” in Collected Essays, vol. 1, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1935.McGrew's conclusion: historians work with methodological naturalism, which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts (Flew 1966: 146; cf. Bradley 1874/1935; Ehrman 2003: 229).
  156. Meier 1994 v. 2 ch. 17; Ehrman 1999 pp. 197, 227–228 "As I've pointed out, the historian cannot say that demons—real live supernatural spirits that invade human bodies—were actually cast out of people, because to do so would be to transcend the boundaries imposed on the historian by the historical method, in that it would require a religious belief system involving a supernatural realm outside of the historian's province."
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